今天这期节目,我们和排排坐吃果果一起聊聊关于水果和动物以及人类之间的关系:你有没有想过,草莓和蓝莓吃起来甜甜的,pH值却低到接近柠檬?鸟类之所以能抢先吃到还没熟透的果子,是因为它们根本感受不到酸——更离谱的是,它们连甜味都尝不出来,吃糖感受到的居然是一嘴鲜味?辣椒的辣也不是随机进化的:辣椒素专门让哺乳动物觉得痛,鸟却完全无感,堪称自然界最精准的"定向防御"。为什么欧洲人能生嚼羽衣甘蓝沙拉,而很多中国人觉得苦到难以下咽?答案藏在1931年一场实验室意外里。
榴莲的臭味能飘到800米之外,大象、老虎却趋之若鹜;牛油果差点因为它的专属传播者大地懒灭绝而从地球消失;无花果和榕小蜂之间那段"钻进去就出不来"的共生故事,简直是一部微型悲壮史诗。菠萝扎嘴是物理加化学的双重攻击,泡盐水到底有没有用?欢迎做客生物漫游指南,今天我们就来聊聊水果里的生物学故事。
想加听友群,请加小导游:bio_kiwi
时间点:
03:17 扩散综合征:水果其实是给动物的快递费
09:03 鸟其实特别能吃酸
13:00 而鸟尝不出甜味,吃糖像在吃味精
16:28 辣椒素:专门拒绝哺乳动物的快递
19:22 什么是定向防御假说
20:30 苦瓜其实是个甜瓜?
24:35 1931年实验室意外与苦味盲基因
29:46 水果为什么成熟就变红
34:46 鸟能看见紫外线下五彩斑斓的黑
38:59 榴莲的臭味密码
41:05 大象是怎么吃上榴莲的?
49:32 彩虹糖捏鼻吃,你能分得清口味吗
56:07 醉猴假说:黑猩猩日饮三瓶啤酒
01:01:07 无花果与榕小蜂的悲壮共生
01:13:04 菠萝扎嘴:物理+魔法双重暴击
01:27:43 牛油果差点因大地懒灭绝而消失
提及的图片:
榕小蜂与无花果的共生:

人类与鸟类的视觉差异:

把包菜嫁接到萝卜上的萝包:

片尾曲:
Strawberry Fields Forever - The Beatles
部分参考文献:
奶树部分:
Valenta K, Nevo O. The dispersal syndrome hypothesis: how animals shaped fruit traits, and how they did not[J]. Functional Ecology, 2020, 34(6): 1158-1169.
Zhang H, Luo L, Liang Q, et al. Molecular evolution of sour tolerance in birds[J]. Science, 2025, 388(6753): 1330-1336.
Molbo D, Machado C A, Sevenster J G, et al. Cryptic species of fig-pollinating wasps: implications for the evolution of the fig–wasp mutualism, sex allocation, and precision of adaptation[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2003, 100(10): 5867-5872.
Yang L Y, Machado C A, Dang X D, et al. The incidence and pattern of copollinator diversification in dioecious and monoecious figs[J]. Evolution, 2015, 69(2): 294-304.
Teh B T, Lim K, Yong C H, et al. The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus)[J]. Nature genetics, 2017, 49(11): 1633-1641.
Aziz S A, Clements G R, McConkey K R, et al. Pollination by the locally endangered island flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) enhances fruit production of the economically important durian (Durio zibethinus)[J]. Ecology and evolution, 2017, 7(21): 8670-8684.
Nevo O, Valenta K, Razafimandimby D, et al. Frugivores and the evolution of fruit colour[J]. Biology Letters, 2018, 14(9).
Simon R, Holderied M W, Koch C U, et al. Floral acoustics: conspicuous echoes of a dish-shaped leaf attract bat pollinators[J]. Science, 2011, 333(6042): 631-633.
Kim U, Jorgenson E, Coon H, et al. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide[J]. Science, 2003, 299(5610): 1221-1225.
蝌蚪部分:
Klee H J, Tieman D M. The genetics of fruit flavour preferences[J]. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2018, 19(6): 347-356.
Espley R V, Brendolise C, Chagne D, et al. Multiple repeats of a promoter segment causes transcription factor autoregulation in red apples[J]. The Plant Cell, 2009, 21(1): 168-183.
Lemmon Z H, Reem N T, Dalrymple J, et al. Rapid improvement of domestication traits in an orphan crop by genome editing[J]. Nature plants, 2018, 4(10): 766-770.
Maurer H R. Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use[J]. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS, 2001, 58(9): 1234-1245.

