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1【聊了什么 The What】
还记得你在大学的时候，第一次听到一场酣畅淋漓的政治哲学讲座的感觉吗？本期节目，学者林垚带我们深入自由这个复杂概念的底层逻辑。
我们常挂在嘴边的“自由”究竟指代什么？是仅仅拥有选项，还是必须免受他人干预？想做自己想做的事”就叫自由吗？如果这种冲动只是被欲望驱使的“低级自我”呢？为什么自由会有「形式」与「实质」之分？为什么有人认为听从「哲人王」的教导才是真正的自由？归根结底，我们真的需要“自由” 这个东西吗？
Do you remember the feeling the first time you heard a truly exhilarating political philosophy lecture in college? In this episode, scholar Lin Yao takes us deep into the underlying logic of that complex concept: freedom.
What does "freedom" — a word we throw around constantly — actually mean? Is it merely having options, or must it also mean freedom from interference by others? Does "being able to do what you want" count as freedom? What if that impulse is just your "lower self" being driven by desire? Why is there a distinction between "formal" and "substantive" freedom? Why do some argue that following the guidance of a "philosopher-king" is actually the truest form of freedom? And ultimately — do we even need "freedom" as a concept at all?
【时间轴 The When 】
00:00 - 日常生活中的自由直觉：救命，我被短视频绑架了
08:50 - 哲人王与道德律：自由概念在思想史上的困境
10:16 - 形式自由与实质自由的争论
12:38 - 消极自由与积极自由：从康德到伯林的名词演变
18:08 - 麦卡伦的三元表达式：主体、障碍与目标
27:36 - 查尔斯·泰勒的回应：机会概念与行使概念
36:30 - 女权主义视角：赫希曼谈自由背后的人格想象
45:30 - 菲利普·佩迪特：作为“免于支配”的新共和主义自由观
51:42 - 林垚的视角：个行其是的自由与共行其是的自由
67:16 - 现场问答：从演化论视角看人类的社会性与自由
00:00 - Everyday intuitions about freedom: Help, I've been hijacked by short-form videos
08:50 - The philosopher-king and moral law: the困境 predicament of freedom in the history of ideas
10:16 - The debate between formal freedom and substantive freedom
12:38 - Negative liberty vs. positive liberty: the evolution of terminology from Kant to Berlin
18:08 - MacCallum's triadic formula: agent, constraint, and goal
27:36 - Charles Taylor's response: the opportunity-concept vs. the exercise-concept
36:30 - A feminist perspective: Hirschman on the vision of personhood underlying freedom
45:30 - Philip Pettit: the neo-republican conception of freedom as non-domination
51:42 - Lin Yao's perspective: freedom as individual self-governance vs. freedom as collective self-governance
67:16 - Live Q&A: an evolutionary perspective on human sociality and freedom
【我们是谁 The Who】
选修课 Universus 是一档分享和探讨泛文化话题的中文播客，脱胎于2013年创办的纽约文化沙龙。我们力求引发对学科方法和视角的认知和思考，而不仅仅是知识的传递。我们在组织活动的过程中积累了一些经验和人脉，尝试打造成年人的博雅教育，并在播客中拓展这样的探索。我们希望审视和反抗无意识的价值规训与随波逐流。我们希望冷酷地剖析自己的偏见，热忱地拥抱多元视角。我们希望去工具化，真诚地感知、理解、创造自己的生活和复杂的世界。我们追随原初的好奇而非代餐式的猎奇。话题可以轻松，方法力求严肃。在《选修课》里，我们互相映照，唤醒失落的维度。
选修课 Universus is a Chinese-language podcast created by the same people who founded the New York Chinese Cultural Salon (纽约文化沙龙）in 2013.The past decade of organizing events and talks put us in a position of creating a sort of liberal arts education experience for those who have left school. We strive to go beyond merely transmitting knowledge to reflecting on complex topics using cross-disciplinary perspectives. We strive to resist conformity, to dissect our own biases, and to embrace diverse schools of thought. Our goal is to help professionals resist becoming just a tool of production, and to understand the world around us in earnest. We let our genuine curiosity be our guide. With a light-hearted tone, we approach each topic seriously. We hope that “选修课 Universus” creates a space to explore lost dimensions.
主讲人：
- 林垚，政治学、哲学、法学学者，高校教师，公众号“林三土”，播客“时差”、“催稿拉黑”，2024年出版文集《空谈》
- Lin Yao, scholar of political science, philosophy, and law; university faculty member; author of the WeChat public account "林三土"; host of the podcasts "时差" and "催稿拉黑"; published essay collection Empty Talk (《空谈》) in 2024.
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