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Dean：Today we study the word “sturdy.” It means strong and not easy to break. In simple English, it is “built to last.” Moli, how do you understand “sturdy” in Chinese?
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茉莉：“sturdy” 指的是“结实的、牢固的、耐用的”。它强调东西不容易坏，也能经受使用。对应的英文短语可以是：strong and lasting。这个词通常是什么词性，最常怎么用？
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Dean：“sturdy” is an adjective. We often use it to describe things like chairs, shoes, and buildings. We use “sturdy” when something is strong and safe. Now, let’s learn with an example. Example 1: The wooden chair looks sturdy and comfortable.
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茉莉：这句话的意思是：这把木椅看起来很结实，而且坐起来也会很舒服。场景是你在看家具，想判断椅子质量好不好。这里 “sturdy” 就是“结实牢固、不容易坏”。你可以把它再用更简单的英文讲一遍，告诉我们这句话里它的大概感觉是什么。
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Dean：In this sentence, “sturdy” feels positive. It tells us the chair is strong and will not break easily. Example 2: He bought a sturdy backpack for school.
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茉莉：这句话的意思是：他给上学买了一个结实耐用的背包。场景是生活中买学习用品，担心背包不耐用所以选择更结实的。“sturdy” 在这里也是强调耐用和结实。请你继续用更简单的英文解释这句里 “sturdy” 的语感。然后我们再看下一句。
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Dean：In “a sturdy backpack,” it means the bag is strong, and it can handle daily use. Example 3: The table is sturdy enough to hold many books.
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茉莉：这句话的意思是：这张桌子足够结实，可以放很多书。场景是放书学习，你想表达桌子不会轻易晃或坏。这里 “sturdy enough” 是在说“足够牢固”。接下来我们讲词根词缀与词源。
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Dean：Moli, what are the word roots and affixes inside sturdy, and what does each part suggest? Also, can you tell us a little about its etymology like a mini family story?
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茉莉：好，我们就像看一件衣服是怎么缝出来的。“sturdy” 这个词看起来像一个整体，但它其实能让人联想到它和早期英语里那种“强、坚固”的意思有关。它来自一种古老的用法，核心感觉一直围绕“牢靠、经得起用”。在词的形态上，它和同族词有点像一家人：比如“strength” 这类词也会让你想到力量和坚固的概念；再比如“stiffen” 这一类词方向也接近“变得更硬、更不容易软掉”。不同的是，strength 更强调“力量本身”，sturdy 更强调“材料或东西够结实，不容易坏”，而且常常带着“能长期用”的味道。
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Dean：So what did sturdy originally mean, and how did the meaning change as the word moved through time?
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茉莉：我来讲个小故事。很早以前，欧洲人的语言里就有和“结实、硬挺”相关的说法，意思不是很抽象，就是你能看到的那种“硬、稳、不容易塌”。后来它慢慢进入英语，开始更常用来描述“人造的东西”或“结构”：椅子、桌子、背包这些东西都要经得起日常的重量和摩擦。于是 sturdy 逐渐从“硬挺的感觉”发展成“可靠耐用”的印象，强调的重点也从单纯的“硬”变得更完整：不仅要强，还要经用、不容易坏。到今天它还是很直观，你听到它，就会想到一个东西结结实实，日常生活里能放心用。最有趣的是它一路保留了那种很具体的“结实感”，只是把重点从“硬”慢慢变成了“耐用可靠”。下一部分我们就去看它最常见的搭配、常见场景，以及怎么在对话里用得自然。
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Dean：Imagine your phone charger is on the floor in the living room, and you step on it by accident. After that, it still works, and the cable does not get damaged. In that kind of moment, how do we use “sturdy”? What collocation can fit here?
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茉莉：第一个搭配我们用“sturdy cable”。它的语感是：线材或连接线特别结实，不容易被踩坏、拉断或磨损。这里的 sturd y 不是“看起来很硬”，而是“真的经得住日常使用”。
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Dean：“sturdy cable” means a cable that can take daily use. Example: I need a sturdy cable because my cat often bites it.
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茉莉：在这种日常场景里，这个搭配很自然。只要你想强调“经用、抗损”，就可以用 sturdy 来配 cable 这种具体的物品。
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Dean：Now think about a school lab. You are moving equipment from one table to another, and you worry the stand will shake. If the stand feels strong, what should you say? In that situation, what collocation with “sturdy” can we use?
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茉莉：第二个搭配是“sturdy table”。它常用来描述实验用桌子、工作台或大桌子，重点是“稳、结实、不容易晃、不容易出问题”。你用在学校或工作里的设备描述会很贴切。
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Dean：“sturdy table” means a strong and stable table. Example: The lab uses a sturdy table for heavy equipment.
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茉莉：这个搭配很符合“工作/学习场景”。当你在讲安全和稳定性时，用 sturdy table 更直接，也更容易让人理解你的担心点。
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Dean：Let’s move to a social situation. You go to a weekend market, and you see a small outdoor chair for eating street food. The chair looks strong, so you want to sit. In that case, what collocation can we use with “sturdy”?
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茉莉：第三个搭配是“sturdy chair”。它表达的就是“椅子结实、坐着更安心”，不会轻易坏，也不会让你感觉不稳。日常聊天里用它很自然，听起来也很生活化。
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Dean：“sturdy chair” means a chair that feels strong. Example: This sturdy chair does not wobble when I sit.
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茉莉：这一点很关键：wobble 这种词通常是在说“晃”。当你想用一个词把“稳”表达出来，sturdy chair 会很合适。
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Dean：Last one for practice. Imagine you are writing a short review for a product online. You want to say it can handle rough use, like daily bags, rain, and bumps. Which is more natural: “sturdy shoes” or “sturdy shoe”? Try to make one short sentence in the same style, and use the correct form. Give me your best answer.
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茉莉：这个互动要点是：选正确的搭配，并注意名词的单复数；然后用一句简单的英文把它放进真实句子里。接下来想了解：你会怎么选，并且写一句带 sturdy 的句子，来表达“耐用、经得住日常使用”的感觉？
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Dean：What are some common synonyms of “sturdy”? How are they different in usage?
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茉莉：“sturdy” 常见近义词有：strong、tough、durable、robust、hardy。我们一个一个来对比，先看第一个。
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Dean：OK, what is the first synonym? How should I use it correctly?
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茉莉：第一个是 strong。strong 的含义更偏“有力、强壮”，可以形容人或事物的力量，也可以泛指“坚强”；而 sturdy 更强调“结实、耐用、不容易坏”，常用于材料、结构或物品。strong 在语气上更中性、使用面更广，但搭配时不如 sturdy 那么“固定”。例如：This box is strong, so it will not break easily.（注意：这句话更像强调“结实不易坏”，但如果你想更突出“耐用”，sturdy 会更贴。）
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Dean：Good. What about the next synonym? How is it different?
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茉莉：第二个是 tough。tough 更强调“抗打、耐用，能承受困难”，比 strong 更带“经得起磨损和压力”的感觉；sturdy 也有耐用，但更常用来描述“结构结实、不易断裂或晃动”。tough 更适合谈材料的“抗压抗用”，例如：These work gloves are tough and can handle rough work.（这句话重点是能扛住粗重环境。）
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Dean：Nice. Ask about the third synonym.
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茉莉：第三个是 durable。durable 几乎就是“耐用”的意思，强调“使用久了也不容易坏”，语气更偏实用和产品评价；sturdy 更强调“结实可靠”，不只是“用得久”，还常让人想到“稳、不容易出问题”。durable 常用于产品与质量判断，例如：I bought a durable jacket for rainy days.（这句话听起来很像在说长期耐用。）
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Dean：Thanks. What is the fourth synonym?
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茉莉：第四个是 robust。robust 比 durable 更正式一点，语气更偏“强健、结实而且性能稳定”，常用于讨论设备、系统或设计是否“抗压、抗问题”；sturdy 更日常，更多描述椅子、桌子、背包这类具体物品是否“结实不易坏”。例如：The company has a robust system for customer support.（这里 robust 更像是“体系可靠”，不是单纯的物理结实。）
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Dean：Great. If more synonyms exist, keep asking. If not, can you summarize when to use which word?
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茉莉：最后再快速总结：想说“结实但范围更广、力量感更强”，用 strong；想突出“能扛住压力和磨损”，用 tough；想强调“用得久、不容易坏”，用 durable；想表达“更正式、更可靠的整体性能或结构”，用 robust。最后一部分我们来轻松一下，讲个和这个词相关的幽默小故事。
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Dean：We have learned so much. Now let’s relax with a fun short story related to “sturdy”.
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茉莉：什么故事？
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Dean：Last Saturday, I went to a small street market with my friend. We wanted to eat noodles outside. I saw a sturdy chair. It looked safe, so I sat down right away. Then the waiter said, “Be careful!” I laughed and said, “Don’t worry, it is a sturdy chair.”
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茉莉：然后呢？椅子没有把你摔到地上吧？
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Dean：It got worse. The chair was sturdy, but my phone was not. I put my phone on the sturdy table next to me. After that, I stood up to take a photo. My friend pushed the table a little to get a better angle. The phone fell… and bounced once. It didn’t crack. The case was sturdy, so it survived!
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茉莉：哈哈哈，所以不是椅子的问题，是手机太“命大”了！你这个故事里 “sturdy” 用得很像日常总结：一个是 sturdy chair 用来形容“坐着稳、不会轻易坏”，另一个是 sturdy table 或 sturdy case 用来强调“放得住、经得起小意外”。
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Dean：Exactly. Today we practiced sturdy in real life: sturdy cable, sturdy table, and sturdy chair, plus the feeling behind it. Remember: strong and not easy to break. Thanks for studying with me, and have a great day—stay sturdy and have fun!
