Dr. Jared Diamond, PhD, is a Pulitzer Prize-winning author, physiologist, evolutionary biologist and Professor at UCLA. We discuss the surprising and often chance events that shaped human history and leadership in politics, religion, business and athletics. As one of the most influential public-facing scholars of the last 100 years, Dr. Diamond also shares his advice on how to pursue a career and life that reflects your unique interests and that makes a positive contribution to the world. He also shares the tools he uses to keep his mind and body vigorous. Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman Rorra: https://rorra.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Jared Diamond (00:02:51) Leadership, Prophets; Hitler, WWII (00:09:17) Hitler, Leadership, Deception (00:11:45) Unlikely Leader: Harry Truman (00:13:45) Sponsors: Rorra & Eight Sleep (00:16:28) Leaders, Introspection, Charisma; Individuals, History Patterns (00:22:35) Leaders & Addressing Mistakes, Forgiveness (00:25:36) Religious Leaders, Jesus & Leadership, Organizers (00:30:42) Leader Partnerships, Science, Religion (00:35:18) Jim Jones, Effective Cult Leaders; Followers (00:39:53) Sponsor: AG1 (00:41:06) Leaders & Clinging to Power (00:44:29) Learning Languages (00:49:59) Taxonomy, Lists & Names, Studying Birds (00:56:41) Curiosity, New Guinea Birds, Success & Support Across Different Careers (01:04:55) Travel, Intellectual Explorer (01:07:44) Birds, Vision & Sound, Ecology; Bird Song, Monkeys (01:14:50) Sponsor: Function (01:16:27) Academic Leadership; Time & His Remaining Projects (01:25:54) Humanity Risks, Population Bomb (01:30:46) Physical Activity; Sports Leaders (01:38:08) Coaching Philosophy, John Wooden; Business Leaders, Yvon Chouinard (01:44:31) Great Leadership; Advice for Others (01:51:22) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow, Reviews & Feedback, Sponsors, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, my guest is Dr. Matthew MacDougall, a neurosurgeon at Neuralink. We discuss how brain-machine interfaces could help people with paralysis control computers using their intended movements, and how robotic surgery enables the placement of tiny electrodes in the brain. We also explore advances in brain tumor surgery, implant safety, how the brain and software learn to work together, and the role of animal research. Dr. MacDougall shares his vision for future applications, including restoring movement, addressing mental health conditions and expanding human cognition and communication. Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman Rorra: https://rorra.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Matt MacDougall (00:00:23) Brain Function, Frontal Lobes & Impulse Control (00:02:57) Brain Tumors, Laser Surgery & MRI (00:04:38) Neuralink, Brain Implants & Paralysis (00:07:04) Robotic Surgery & Electrode Placement (00:08:02) Sponsor: BetterHelp (00:10:25) Motor Cortex, Controlling Computers With the Brain (00:12:20) Implant Safety & Brain Augmentation (00:14:07) RFID Hand Implant & Everyday Uses (00:16:25) Sponsor: AG1 (00:18:03) Spinal Cord Stimulation, Reconnecting Brain & Body (00:19:00) Brain-to-Brain Communication & AI (00:21:13) Brain-Machine Interfaces, Learning & Adaptation (00:23:43) Animal Research & Welfare (00:26:47) Pigs & Monkeys, Device Safety & Function (00:28:04) Sponsor: Rorra (00:30:32) Future Applications, Mental Health & Human Cognition (00:33:03) Acknowledgements Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Dr. Scott Kanoski, PhD, is a Professor of Human and Evolutionary Biology and Neurobiology at the University of Southern California. We discuss how different foods impact memory and cognitive function as well as cravings. We also discuss how GLP-1 drugs work to control hunger in the brain and body, the role of the gut microbiome, and the effects of artificial and low calorie sweeteners on hunger and satiety. This episode highlights how nutrition impacts much brain health and learning capacity and how our memory impacts food choices too. Read the full episode show notes at hubermanlab.com. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman Helix Sleep: https://helixsleep.com/huberman LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/huberman Our Place: https://fromourplace.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Scott Kanoski (00:02:33) GLP-1, Natural GLP-1 Production; GLP-1 Drugs, Microdosing (00:07:06) GLP-1 Drugs & Benefits (00:10:36) Sponsor: Our Place & Helix Sleep (00:13:24) GLP-1 & Hunger Suppression, Vagus Nerve; Food Noise (00:18:39) Artificial Sweeteners & Appetite, Preclinical Studies (00:26:50) Memory & Meals; Stress; Eating & Individualization, Fasting (00:33:42) Memory Impairments, Western Diet, High Sugar, Processed Food (00:42:33) Sponsor: AG1 (00:43:46) Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease & Western Diet; Exercise (00:49:40) Vagus Nerve, Hippocampus & Memory, Hormones (00:57:10) Sugar & Fat Consumption, Memory; Engineering Food for Quality (01:04:32) GLP-1s, Nutrient Deficiency, Weight Loss & Other Effects (01:11:33) Sponsor: LMNT (01:12:54) Vagus Nerve & Hippocampus, Eating & Acetylcholine (01:21:05) Hippocampus, Memory & Food; Interoceptive Awareness & Western Diet (01:27:21) Omega-3s; Microbiome & Processed Foods (01:34:00) Microbiome, Antibiotics, C. diff Infection (01:37:23) Sponsor: Function (01:39:01) Foods to Enhance Microbiome; Rising Obesity & Highly Processed Food (01:43:39) Dopamine & Food Choice, Change Food Cravings (01:49:50) Food Addiction, Highly Processed Foods; Political Lobbying (01:56:43) Oxytocin, Reduced Food Consumption, Social Eating (02:00:11) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow, Reviews & Feedback, Sponsors, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, my guest is Dr. Elissa Epel, PhD, a Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). We discuss how acute and chronic stress affect the body and brain, including their links to cellular aging and mitochondrial health. We also explain tools to reduce rumination, reframe stress as a challenge and build resilience, as well as how radical acceptance and a sense of purpose can help us navigate stressors we cannot change. Read the full episode show notes at hubermanlab.com. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman ROKA: https://roka.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Elissa Epel (00:00:22) Good & Bad Stress, Stress Responses (00:01:55) Rumination, Body Awareness (00:03:23) Tools: Mindset, Body & Environment (00:04:51) Acute & Chronic Stress, Energy & Recovery (00:07:44) Sponsor: Eight Sleep (00:09:27) Healthy Aging, Purpose & Brain Health (00:10:54) Stress Resilience, Threat vs. Challenge (00:14:40) Tool: Reframe Stress, “Stress Shields” (00:16:54) Sponsor: AG1 (00:18:30) Mitochondrial Health, Caregiving & Daily Mood (00:21:24) Chronic Stress, Tool: Radical Acceptance (00:25:19) Tool: “Drop the Rope”, Uncontrollable Stressors (00:26:48) Uncertainty, Tool: Posture & Slow Breathing (00:29:10) Sponsor: ROKA (00:30:34) Taking Action vs. Letting Go (00:32:55) Journaling, Narrative & Purpose (00:34:15) Acknowledgements Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Dr. Beth Shapiro, PhD, is an evolutionary biologist and Chief Science Officer at Colossal Biosciences. Her work focuses on de-extinction and wildlife conservation efforts. We discuss genetic differences among humans, and how ancient DNA and modern embryology are being used to de-extinct and protect woolly mammoths, dodo birds, and dire wolves, as well as to help conserve endangered species. We also explore the ethical implications of de-extinction and how synthetic biology can help build a more bio diverse and resilient world. Read the full episode show notes at hubermanlab.com. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman Joovv: https://joovv.com/huberman Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Beth Shapiro (00:02:35) What is a Species?, Taxonomy, Bison (00:09:13) Neanderthals, Denisovans, Homo Sapiens (00:12:38) Sponsors: Joovv & Eight Sleep (00:15:27) Hybrid Ancestry, “Grolar” Bears (00:20:30) Homo Sapiens & Neanderthal Interbreeding, Genes; Denisovans (00:25:53) Neanderthal Genes, Immunity, Red Hair; Eye Color (00:30:17) De-Extinction, Species Selection, Woolly Mammoths (00:38:08) Sponsor: AG1 (00:39:21) Bird De-Extinction, Dodo; Reproduction & Genes (00:47:40) Development Biology, Woolly Mammoth, Elephants (00:54:49) Dire Wolf, Synthetic Biology, Ethics (01:03:26) De-Extinction, Ecology, Conservation, Ethics (01:09:22) Ecosystem Resilience, Thylacine; Preventing Extinction, Quolls (01:15:45) Sponsor: Function (01:17:23) Modeling Ecological Impact, Mosquitoes, Gene Drives; Panthers (01:25:50) Advisory Panels, Synthetic Biology Education (01:29:13) Genetic Selection in Humans, Human-Shaped World (01:38:25) Black-Footed Ferrets, Genetic Rescue (01:47:05) Dire Wolf; Ecological Modeling, New Technology & Public Fear (01:55:09) Artificial Wombs; Current Issues, Conservation & Red Wolf (02:01:26) Science Pioneers; Colossal Public Education (02:04:31) Beth’s Science Origin Story; Dinosaurs (02:13:42) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow, Reviews & Feedback, Sponsors, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, I explain how the neurochemicals epinephrine, acetylcholine and dopamine contribute to focus and concentration. I discuss tools for improving attention, including sleep, sound, structured work sessions, nutrition, caffeine and deliberate cold exposure. I also describe a brief daily meditation and visual focus exercises that train your ability to refocus when attention drifts. Additionally, I discuss the potential benefits and limitations of supplements, prescription treatments for ADHD, and why taking time to deliberately defocus supports concentrated work. Read the full episode show notes at hubermanlab.com. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman David: https://davidprotein.com/huberman LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Focus & Concentration (00:02:00) Epinephrine, Acetylcholine & Dopamine (00:04:20) Sleep, White Noise & Pink Noise (00:07:35) Sponsor: LMNT (00:09:05) Ultradian Cycles, 90-Minute Work Sessions (00:10:45) Blood Glucose, Fasting & Meal Size (00:13:40) Caffeine, Focus & Sleep (00:15:00) Acute Stress & Concentration (00:16:55) Tool: Deliberate Cold Exposure (00:19:45) Sponsor: AG1 (00:21:00) Tool: 13-Minute Daily Meditation (00:25:10) Tool: Visual Focus Exercises (00:29:45) Sponsor: David (00:31:10) Omega-3 Fatty Acids & Creatine (00:33:00) Alpha-GPC, Acetylcholine & Safety Considerations (00:35:10) L-Tyrosine, Dopamine & Combining Tools (00:37:00) ADHD, Prescription Medications & Neuroplasticity (00:39:55) Deliberate Defocusing & Recovery (00:41:10) Acknowledgements Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, I revisit episode 2 of my six-part guest series with Dr. Andy Galpin, PhD, an exercise scientist and expert in human performance. We discuss how strength and muscle growth (hypertrophy) differ and why resistance training is important for maintaining physical function as we age. We also explain how to build effective training programs using progressive overload, exercise selection, repetition speed and weekly training volume. Dr. Galpin shares practical tools for developing strength, power and muscle size, including how to adapt workouts to your goals, equipment and schedule. Read the full episode show notes at hubermanlab.com. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Andy Galpin (00:00:51) Strength Training, Aging & Physical Function (00:04:04) Strength vs. Hypertrophy (00:05:57) Sponsor: AG1 (00:07:20) Training Principles, Consistency & Progressive Overload (00:08:39) Individualization, Specificity & Variation (00:09:46) Training Variables; Tool: “3 to 5” Approach (00:12:58) Repetition Speed, Strength vs. Hypertrophy (00:16:18) Exercise Variation & Standardization (00:18:17) Power & Strength Training: Exercise Selection, Order & Volume (00:21:20) Progression, Deloads & Training Intent (00:22:52) Sponsor: BetterHelp (00:23:57) Hypertrophy: Training Stimulus & Exercise Selection (00:25:59) Targeting Muscles, Squat Technique & Machines (00:29:41) Exercise Order & Pre-Fatigue (00:30:42) Training Splits, Balanced Muscle Development (00:32:13) Weekly Training Volume, Reps in Reserve & Limited Workout Time (00:34:52) Training Frequency, Workout Duration & Full-Body Training (00:37:40) Acknowledgements Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Dr. Chris Thompson, MD, Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, Chief of Interventional Gastroenterology at Mass General Brigham in Boston, and Co-Director of the Center for Weight Management and Wellness, is a world-renowned expert on gastroenterology, metabolism, nutrition, and obesity medicine. He explains how your GI tract regulates hunger, fullness, and blood sugar, as well as the gut microbiome, metabolic health, and weight loss. We also discuss common GI tract issues and which particular tests or interventions are actually useful. We discuss both GLP-1 medications and non-GLP-1 approaches to weight loss. Given that gut health is vital to all the organs of the body, overall health, and longevity, our discussion ought to be of interest and practical value to everyone, including, of course, those struggling with gut health or weight loss challenges. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman Lingo: https://hellolingo.com/huberman LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/huberman Our Place: https://fromourplace.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Dr. Chris Thompson (00:02:16) Digestive Tract, Gut Hormones & Nutrient Absorption (00:08:06) Colon Microbiome & Colon Cancer Screening (00:11:13) Sponsors: LMNT & Lingo (00:13:40) Swallowing Problems & Zenker's Diverticula (00:16:08) Bowel Movements & Constipation (00:18:28) Fiber, Resistant Starch & the Gut Barrier (00:21:50) Intermittent Fasting & the Gut Microbiome (00:23:38) Fermented Foods, Microbial Diversity & Butyrate (00:27:12) H. pylori, Stress & Stomach Ulcers (00:30:20) GLP-1 Medications: Benefits & Limitations (00:33:42) Lower GLP-1 Doses, Weight Regain & Muscle Loss (00:37:35) GLP-1 Side Effects, Food Noise & Apathy (00:39:49) Bariatric Surgery & Medical Innovation (00:46:07) Sponsor: AG1 (00:47:44) Hunger & Satiety: Ghrelin, CCK, GIP & GLP-1 (00:50:01) Retatrutide & Combining Hormonal Targets (00:52:55) Ultra-Processed Foods, Overeating & Leptin (00:55:32) Incretin Discovery, Exendin-4 & the Gila Monster (00:59:35) Endoscopic Ultrasound & Pancreatic Biopsy (01:07:40) Early Metabolic Markers, CGMs & Fasting Insulin (01:13:06) Insulin Resistance & Metabolic Flexibility (01:15:53) Sponsor: Function (01:17:35) Patient Data, Screening & Treatment Adoption (01:26:31) AI, Robotics & Improving Procedures (01:29:27) Choosing a Surgeon & Measuring Procedure Quality (01:35:29) Image Guidance & Hyperspectral Imaging (01:37:19) Sponsor: Our Place (01:38:56) Diagnostics & Targeted Metabolic Treatments (01:42:45) Gastric Bypass, Foregut Exclusion & Diabetes (01:47:59) Duodenal Liners & Mucosal Resurfacing Research (01:52:58) Gut Permeability, Inflammation & Fatty Liver (01:59:39) Artificial Sweeteners, Fructose, Fats & Omega-3s (02:05:00) Resistance Training, Zone 2 Cardio & Intervals (02:06:31) Weight Set Point & Metabolic Adaptation (02:08:13) Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty & Fundus Ablation (02:10:30) Magnetic Intestinal Connections & Combined Treatments (02:16:52) GLP-1 Gene Therapy Research (02:22:13) Innovation, Problem Solving & Teamwork (02:25:58) Zero-Cost Support, Sponsors & Neural Network Newsletter Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, my guest is Dr. Andy Galpin, PhD, an exercise physiologist. We revisit the first episode of his Huberman Lab Guest Series to discuss the nine major components of physical fitness and how to assess your abilities. We explain practical tests for movement quality, power, strength, muscle mass and endurance, including grip strength, push-ups and VO2 max. We also discuss how to organize fitness testing, track progress and identify which areas to prioritize in your training to support long-term health and performance. Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman David: https://davidprotein.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Andy Galpin (00:00:44) Fitness Goals, Appearance & Performance (00:02:32) Nine Components of Physical Fitness (00:05:54) Sponsor: Eight Sleep (00:07:21) Movement Skill, Tool: Assessing Movement Quality (00:11:11) Speed Testing (00:11:34) Power, Tool: Standing Broad Jump (00:12:55) Grip Strength, Dynamometers & Dead Hangs (00:14:51) Sponsor: AG1 (00:16:12) Lower Body Strength, Leg Extensions & Squat Holds (00:18:47) Safe Testing, Technique & Consistent Warm-Ups (00:19:45) Muscle Mass, Body Composition & Fat-Free Mass Index (00:21:51) Muscular Endurance, Planks & Push-Ups (00:23:21) Anaerobic Capacity, Maximum Effort Tests (00:24:55) Maximum Heart Rate & Heart Rate Recovery (00:26:10) VO2 Max, Running & Walking Tests (00:27:52) Sponsor: David (00:29:15) Long-Duration Endurance, Steady-State Exercise & Nasal Breathing (00:30:16) Testing Frequency, Test Order & Training Priorities (00:34:34) Acknowledgements Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, my guest is Dr. Oded Rechavi, a professor at Tel Aviv University who studies genetics, epigenetics and the inheritance of acquired traits. We discuss how DNA, RNA and epigenetic mechanisms determine what information can pass between generations, and why acquired traits are generally not thought to be inherited. We also explain research in C. elegans showing how small RNAs can transmit antiviral resistance and influence behavior across generations, what these findings might mean for mammals and humans, and potential future applications for reproductive health and diagnostics. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Oded Rechavi (00:00:24) DNA, Genome, RNA & Proteins (00:03:43) Somatic vs. Germ Cells; Inheritance (00:06:05) Sponsor: Eight Sleep (00:07:23) Lamarck vs. Darwin, Inheritance of Acquired Traits (00:09:45) Weismann Barrier, Epigenetic Reprogramming (00:13:05) RNA & Transgenerational Inheritance (00:13:54) Model Organisms, C. elegans (00:16:59) Inheritance of Acquired Traits in C. elegans (00:17:14) Sponsor: AG1 (00:18:40) RNA Interference, Small RNAs & Gene Silencing (00:22:46) Viral Resistance Across Generations (00:24:53) Small RNAs, Mammals & Inherited Effects (00:26:00) Brain Activity, Memory & Heritable Information (00:28:46) Neuronal Small RNAs & Behavior Across Generations (00:29:59) Germ Cells, Development & Heritable RNA (00:31:29) Sponsor: LMNT (00:33:11) Future Applications, Exercise, IVF & RNA Diagnostics (00:35:16) Acknowledgements Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Dr. Jared Rutter, PhD, Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Utah and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, is a leading expert on mitochondria and metabolism. He explains how mitochondria produce the energy for your cells to work but also how they regulate cell growth and replication and thereby contribute to health and disease. We also discuss how mitochondria are linked to aging, cancer, and other diseases. Our conversation explores your metabolism as the composite of trillions of individual cells and points to new ways to improve health, avoid, and treat diseases. Show notes: https://go.hubermanlab.com/297-jared-rutter Pre-order Protocols: https://protocolsbook.com Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman Joovv: https://joovv.com/huberman BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Jared Rutter (00:02:29) Metabolism, Cells; Aging (00:08:36) Mitochondria, Origin & Cell Complexity (00:13:07) Sponsors: Joovv & BetterHelp (00:15:16) Mitochondria Genome, Inheritance (00:18:18) Mitochondria & Spatial Distribution; Cell-Specific Metabolism (00:25:59) Nutrient Energy, Hormones, Fat Cells (00:31:13) Glucose, ATP Conversion, Pyruvate (00:36:41) Cell Choice: Energy or Growth, Cancer; Virus (00:46:02) Sponsors: AG1 & Eight Sleep (00:48:36) Microbiome, Role of Humans (00:51:44) Molecule Discovery Process, MPC1, MPC2 (00:59:42) Cell Resource Sensing, Fasting, Glucagon, Fat Cells; Neurons, Heart (01:07:03) Cell Resource Allocation, MPC, Heart Failure; Disease (01:11:46) Sponsor: Function (01:13:24) Cell Size vs Fuel Balance, Cell Identity & Disease (01:20:43) MPC Discovery, Genetics, Model Systems (01:24:29) Lactate, Oxygen, Exercise; Energy Prioritization Hierarchy (01:31:32) Cancer, Mutations, Metabolism Changes & Warburg Effect (01:36:18) Cancer Challenges & Therapies (01:43:00) Therapy Combinations, Unique Cancer Mutations & Metabolism (01:48:31) Technology to Visualize Metabolism; Disease, Metabolism & Scents (01:56:34) Excess Energy & Mitochondria, Reactive Oxygen Species (02:01:12) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow, Reviews & Feedback, Sponsors, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, my guest is Dr. Gina Poe, PhD, a Professor of Integrative Biology and Physiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). We discuss the architecture of sleep and how each stage supports distinct functions, including memory consolidation, creativity, brain restoration, and emotional processing. We also explain science-supported tools to improve sleep quality, support cognitive performance, and hormone balance. Show notes: https://go.hubermanlab.com/Y6JKgFE Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/huberman Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Gina Poe (00:00:19) Sleep States, Perfect Night's Sleep (00:02:23) Early Sleep, Memory Processing, Dreams (00:04:34) Growth Hormone & Early Sleep, Tool: Consistent Bedtime (00:06:47) Sponsor: LMNT (00:08:20) Alcohol & Negative Sleep Effects (00:09:18) Middle Sleep States, Creativity (00:10:32) Waking During Night, Nighttime Urination (00:11:39) Later Sleep, REM, Deep Sleep; Sleepwalking (00:14:01) Morning Grogginess; Sleep Trackers (00:15:53) Early Sleep "Washout", Brain Waste Clearance (00:19:56) Sponsor: Eight Sleep (00:21:14) Locus Coeruleus, Learning & REM Sleep, Tool: Calm Bedtime Routine (00:25:16) Sleep Spindles, P Waves, Learning & Creativity (00:28:38) Sponsor: AG1 (00:29:56) Trauma Recovery, REM Sleep, Locus Coeruleus (00:33:29) Acknowledgements Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

My guest is Joe Liemandt, technology entrepreneur and principal of Alpha School, a K-12 model that uses AI and individualized learning to help students master academics in just two hours a day, freeing the rest of their time to build businesses, conduct experiments, engage with their communities, and develop practical life skills. We discuss Alpha’s promising results, tools parents and educators can use today, and Joe’s vision for how AI could transform education and human potential. Show notes: https://go.hubermanlab.com/296-joe-liemandt Pre-order Protocols: https://protocolsbook.com Huberman Lab live events: https://www.hubermanlab.com/events Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman David: https://davidprotein.com/huberman Lingo: https://hellolingo.com/huberman Helix Sleep: https://helixsleep.com/huberman LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Joe Liemandt (00:03:16) History of Traditional Classroom Model; Education Milestones (00:08:08) Sponsors: David & Lingo (00:10:25) Alpha School, High Standards & Support (00:22:33) Effective Support, Academics vs Athletics; Homeschooling (00:30:03) AI, Individualized Learning & Mastery (00:34:31) Teacher Education, Standardized Tests, Role of School (00:40:52) Sponsors: AG1 & Helix Sleep (00:43:42) AI, Scaffolding Learning, Mastery; Working Memory & Fluency (00:52:41) Working Memory, Focus; Gifted Kids (01:00:30) Basics Mastery, Grade Level Catch-Up, Individualized AI Lessons & Pace (01:06:57) Sponsor: LMNT (01:08:17) Shame, Motivation, Growth Rate; Overcoming Mental Blocks & Paying Kids (01:20:55) Suffering & Motivation, Kids Goals, Sports; Doing Hard Things (01:31:21) Founders High School, Life Skills; Kids' Goals (01:42:44) Reimagining Classroom Education (01:47:21) Importance of Building & Creating, AI & Humanity (01:58:04) Science & Redesigning Experiments, Kids' Interest-Led Projects (02:05:26) Huberman Lab Live Events (02:06:14) Learning Predictors, Gender, Income; Redesigning the School System (02:18:32) Success; Sports Academy, Alpha School Expansion (02:28:36) Acknowledgements (02:31:07) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow, Reviews & Feedback, Sponsors, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, my guest is Dr. Chris Palmer, MD, a board-certified psychiatrist and Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. We explain how nutrition and metabolism directly affect mental health, including the biological mechanisms underlying these effects. We also discuss how carbohydrate restriction, ketogenic diets and fasting can improve mood, energy, and, in some cases, treatment-resistant psychiatric conditions. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Chris Palmer (00:00:20) Personal Story, Nutrition & Mental Health (00:05:28) Treatment-Resistant Mental Disorders & Low-Carbohydrate Diet (00:07:32) Sponsor: Eight Sleep (00:08:51) Ketogenic Diet & Schizophrenia Success Story (00:12:20) Nutrition for Mental Disorders, Ketosis, Highly Processed Foods (00:15:13) Epilepsy & Ketogenic Diet, Fasting; Mitochondrial Benefits (00:21:14) Sponsor: BetterHelp (00:22:15) Mitochondria Functions, Mental Disorders (00:28:05) Mitophagy, Autophagy, Longevity & Calorie Restriction (00:33:12) Sponsor: AG1 (00:34:25) Carbohydrate Restriction, Depression Treatment (00:37:23) Acknowledgements Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Dr. Masud Husain is a Professor of Neurology & Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Oxford and a leading expert on the science of motivation, apathy, and neurological diseases. We discuss how dopamine and specific brain circuits shape motivation, including how the brain weighs the trade-off between effort vs reward when deciding what goals to pursue. Dr. Husain also explains practical tools to increase motivation, reduce distractions, and make it easier to start and maintain goal pursuit. We also discuss dementia, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, including new insights into cognitive resilience and factors that help protect against age-related cognitive decline. Show notes: https://go.hubermanlab.com/masud-husain-295 Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman David: https://davidprotein.com/huberman BetterHelp: https://betterhelp.com/huberman Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman Function: https://functionhealth.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Masud Husain (00:02:24) Apathy, Motivation (00:08:07) Rewards, Apathy & Motivation; Dopamine (00:13:20) Sponsors: David & BetterHelp (00:15:44) Types of Apathy; Goal Prioritization: Effort vs Rewards (00:23:26) Motivation, Apathy, Tool: Activation Energy & Overthinking (00:29:24) Tools to Increase Motivation: Incentives, Subdivide Tasks, Planning (00:35:13) Subjective Effort, Mental Framing; Learning & Motivation (00:42:24) Sponsors: AG1 & Eight Sleep (00:44:54) Perseverance, Failure; Finding Your Passion, Depression vs Apathy (00:50:58) Self-Concept, Ambition; Life Satisfaction (00:58:25) Psychedelics, Anhedonia & Changing Self (01:03:09) Personal & Social Identity, Tools: Curiosity, Purpose & Dementia Risk (01:11:58) Addiction, Dopamine; Social Media & Dopamine "Hits"? (01:18:36) Sponsor: Function (01:20:13) Dopamine, Parkinson's Disease; Other Roles of Dopamine (01:26:59) Life Purpose, Culture; Reflection, Weighing Decisions (01:34:21) Internal & External Attention (01:39:59) Internal Chatter, Distraction; Working Memory, Stimulants, Nicotine (01:48:54) ADHD, Diagnosis; Attention & Motivation (01:54:34) Goal Planning & Perseverance (01:59:44) Alzheimer's Disease, Dementia, Apathy, Tools: Dementia Risk Factors (02:06:55) Neurodegenerative Disease & Emerging Treatments (02:10:59) Can You Train Attention?, Tool: Reduce Distraction (02:15:14) Enrichment, Art (02:17:45) Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow, Reviews & Feedback, Sponsors, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter Disclaimer & Disclosures Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices