SCOTT DETROW, HOST: When it comes to AI chatbots, U.S. companies are trying to attract customers by offering the best technology. In China, it's less about being on the cutting edge and more about getting people to use their apps all the time by enticing them with freebies. NPR's John Ruwitch has the story. JOHN RUWITCH, BYLINE: Nineteen-year-old Li Hao is a delivery driver and one of the hundreds of millions of new AI users in China who companies are trying to lure with things like free milk tea. I caught up with him sitting on his scooter on a Beijing street, scrolling his phone on a break. LI HAO: (Speaking Mandarin). RUWITCH: Like many people in China today, Li says he's done searching the internet the old way. LI: (Speaking Mandarin). RUWITCH: For stuff he doesn't know, he asks an AI chatbot called Doubao. It's embedded in Douyin, the Chinese version of TikTok, like a human contact he can chat with. LI: (Speaking Mandarin). RUWITCH: It's the AI he knows and he's used to, although he says he was recently enticed to try another one, Alibaba's Qianwen, known in English as Qwen. They were giving away milk tea over the Lunar New Year holiday when people typically hand out red envelopes of cash for luck. LI: (Speaking Mandarin). RUWITCH: And Li says he got one. The giveaway was meant to attract new users and show people they can actually buy stuff right in the chatbot. The competitive landscape in China among AI apps is fierce, and they're dumping money into the market to try to win customers. The investment bank Morgan Stanley estimates that the top apps spent over $1.1 billion on promotions during the holiday. Welcome to China's chatbot wars. GEORGE CHEN: The competition between domestic Chinese tech players are heating up again, which I believe is a good thing from the perspective of innovation. RUWITCH: George Chen is a tech analyst with The Asia Group in Hong Kong. The AI landscape is dominated by some of China's top tech companies, like Alibaba, Tencent and ByteDance. There are also prominent startups, including DeepSeek and Moonshot AI. Chen says the promotions give him a sense of deja vu. A decade ago, Alibaba and Tencent engaged in a similar promo slugfest over their online payment apps, and that helped the industry. CHEN: You know, I will argue, you know, because of the competition, you know, that really pushes China's e-commerce to grow this rapid. RUWITCH: China's e-commerce ecosystem is now one of the most developed in the world, with ubiquitous super apps where you can do everything from paying a utility bill to booking a cruise. CHEN: So now we are seeing something like history is repeating. RUWITCH: The new battleground is AI, and the companies want consumers to use their apps to actually do stuff, not just look things up. Producer Jasmine Ling and I gave Alibaba's Qwen a go in Beijing. JASMINE LING, BYLINE: So now I'm typing in, Qwen, I want to order a milk tea. RUWITCH: And the chatbot takes over from there. Not only does it give recommendations... Oh, that one looks pretty good. What's that one? LING: Koi. RUWITCH: (Speaking Mandarin). LING: Yeah. Boba. RUWITCH: ...It handles the ordering, the payment, the delivery, all within the chatbot. Oh, and it already knows our office address, where 20 minutes later... It's delivered to the gate. And milk tea is just a starting point. I could have ordered anything - a house plant, a plane ticket - without being redirected to another app or website. Kyle Chan follows Chinese tech at the Brookings Institution think tank. He says Alibaba wants Qianwen to be the new everything app. KYLE CHEN: They kind of see the AI model as being the starting point for interfacing with sort of everything else you do in the online world and maybe even to a certain extent in the offline world, in the real world. RUWITCH: The Lunar New Year giveaways sparked chaos at some takeout shops when orders shot through the roof. And the number of daily active users on Chinese AI platforms hit records. Alibaba hasn't disclosed figures, but the Chinese research firm QuestMobile says Qwen's daily users hit more than 73.5 million in early February. Keeping those customers, though, is another matter. Daily use has dropped back down since the holiday. LI: (Speaking Mandarin). RUWITCH: After availing himself of a free milk tea, delivery driver Li Hao says he went back to using Doubao, the AI that he's familiar with. LI: (Speaking Mandarin). RUWITCH: He's used to it, he says. And habits, even relatively new ones, seem to die hard. John Ruwitch, NPR News, Beijing. 📻 更多听力及文本见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

ADRIAN MA, HOST: The way that Charlie Puth describes his creative process is almost like he's engaged in solving some kind of sonic puzzle. CHARLIE PUTH: I usually hear the entire song completely done in my head, and then it's a matter of reverse engineering it. MA: He's what you might call a musical polymath - a composer, a singer, a master of multiple instruments and music theory. And in addition to being a chart-topping musician, Charlie Puth - or Professor Puth as he sometimes goes by online - he's kind of become known as a pop-star music teacher. PUTH: Making a song is just like making a cake. The cake has layers. We'll start with the first layer, the bass. And maybe you want to add some strawberry puree to that spongecake. The added strawberries would be the electric guitar. And now it's time to add our third layer, the piano. Here's the entire song cake. (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "CHANGES") PUTH: (Singing) There's been some changes in our life. I can feel the distance... MA: That track, by the way, is off Charlie Puth's latest album called "Whatever's Clever!" And the more you listen to it, the more it seems that Puth is really trying to evoke a specific era. (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "CHANGES") PUTH: (Singing) I don't know why there's been some changes... MA: When I listen to this album, I feel like I am plunged into the '80s. It has that montage energy, like, suddenly, all these things are happening. You have the snare drums that go, whack. (SOUNDBITE OF CHARLIE PUTH AND KENNY G SONG, "CRY") PUTH: Yeah. MA: And then it's echo for days, and you have, like, gospel choirs. PUTH: Yeah. MA: Kenny G even makes an appearance. PUTH: Yeah. (SOUNDBITE OF CHARLIE PUTH AND KENNY G SONG, "CRY") MA: What's going on here? PUTH: I would describe the album as being delightfully on the nose. What's funny is that the music usually happens first in my head. But for this album, it was about what I would be singing about, which would happen first, and then the music would follow. It just felt good to - writing a - that song you mentioned is called "Cry" featuring Kenny G, and it's about emotions and not being afraid to show those emotions. (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "CRY") PUTH: (Singing) It doesn't matter. You don't have to ever keep it all inside. Cry, cry, cry. And it just, for whatever reason, felt really good to put a huge gated snare kind of nudging to that transitional production time of 1989, going into the '90s. MA: There's, like, a strong current of, I guess, compassion or earnestness that comes across. It's as if you are trying to kind of put your arm around somebody and say, like, everything will be OK, right? And maybe... PUTH: Yeah. MA: ...It's just because I'm picking up on some of the lyrics. Like, on one song... PUTH: Yeah. MA: In the chorus, you say, don't beat yourself up. (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "BEAT YOURSELF UP") PUTH: (Singing) ...And on. But it's OK. Please don't beat yourself up, oh, whatever you do 'cause it doesn't do nothing but just break you in two. MA: Where is all this coming from? Like, do you have somebody specific in mind when you're singing these words? PUTH: Yes. That would be myself. That would be myself 'cause in the 10 years that I've been really fortunate to be in this music industry, there were a lot of mistakes along the way and a lot of wrong things I said in interviews because I was just so certain that my music wasn't good enough to stand on its own. (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "BEAT YOURSELF UP") PUTH: (Singing) You've got a voice, got a voice. It belongs in this world. So hear me out, hear me out, hear me out. How do you feel now? Please don't beat yourself up. And I could beat myself up and be like that's - now you're 34, and you should've acted the way you act now. But it's just - that's kind of useless thinking. I'm here because of mistakes I've made. Gosh, that song has a big fat snare drum in it too. (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "BEAT YOURSELF UP") PUTH: (Singing) Live one more day. MA: There is a strong sense of humor throughout this album. PUTH: Yeah. MA: Even when you're singing about some dark things like death. What's behind that impulse? PUTH: I know you're asking me questions, but now I'm asking you questions. MA: Yeah, yeah. PUTH: Have you ever seen the show "Friends" or "Seinfeld?" MA: I have. PUTH: Even "Full House" there - when they were talking about heavy subject matter at times, they would have the sad music playing. And then Uncle Joey would crack a joke and make everybody feel better to break the ice a little bit. That's - the reason why I'm saying that is because I do talk about death. I do talk about organizing interventions for people who I love and who need them at the time and just stuff I've never sung about. (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "WASHED UP") 📻 字数限制，完整文本见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

SCOTT DETROW, HOST: Yesterday, a California jury held Google and Meta liable for causing the depression and anxiety of a woman who used social media compulsively as a child. Another jury in New Mexico said that Meta knowingly harmed children's mental health and violated state law. The companies are appealing these verdicts, but the cases cast a spotlight on the design of social media platforms as addictive and harmful to kids. So what might a new, safer social media design for children and teens look like? NPR mental health correspondent Rhitu Chatterjee is here to tell us more. Hey there. RHITU CHATTERJEE, BYLINE: Hi, Scott. DETROW: So let's set the stage a little bit. What do researchers know about social media addiction in teens? CHATTERJEE: So, you know, researchers used to look at screen time to understand the potential impacts of social media on teen mental health. But more recently, they've been looking specifically at symptoms of addiction. So things like, do they experience conflict with friends and family because of their social media use? Do they have trouble getting off the apps? Do they have withdrawal symptoms? And Dr. Jason Nagata is a pediatrician at the University of California, San Francisco, and a leading researcher on teen use of digital media. And in a recent study, he found that nearly half of underage users say they lose track of how much time they spend on social media. Here's Nagata. JASON NAGATA: We found that, like, 16% of 11- to 12-year-olds said that they tried to use their social media apps less but couldn't. Eighteen percent said that they use social media apps to forget about their problems, and 23% said they spent a lot of time thinking about use of their social media app. CHATTERJEE: And he suspects that it's even worse for older teens. DETROW: Do we - I mean, I think we all have gut feelings about this, but scientifically, do they know - do they have a way to measure this kind of compulsive use of social media and that it's linked to poor mental health in kids? CHATTERJEE: In fact, Nagata himself has looked into this. He says 11- to 12-year-olds with addictive views were more likely to report symptoms of depression, attention problems and behavioral issues one year from the start of the study. NAGATA: We also unfortunately found that it was associated with high risk of suicidal behaviors, sleep disturbances and even experimentation with substances like marijuana, tobacco and alcohol one year later. CHATTERJEE: And, you know, he says it's this addictive use that's tied to these outcomes more than the time they spend on social media. DETROW: OK, so given all that, what could make social media sites less addictive? CHATTERJEE: So, you know, companies have initiated some changes, and some have been - some users have started making changes, too. You may set a time limit on your Instagram account, for instance, or maybe you've turned off your notifications. But when it comes to vulnerable minors, researchers say platforms have to make the design less addictive. I spoke with Mitch Prinstein. He's at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and researches technology and brain development. And he says teens should not be getting notifications of, you know, likes and dislikes. He says that feature is not a good fit for the developing teen brain. MITCH PRINSTEIN: Remember, these are young folks who have a hypersensitive social brain and a very weak prefrontal cortex, or their brakes are very weak. DETROW: So we're talking about brakes like brakes on a car there. Like, it's hard for a teen to just stop using social media. CHATTERJEE: That's exactly right. And the other thing that both Prinstein and Nagata say is that the default for minors should be that - should be not sharing their data with other companies to personalize content to make these sites addictive. DETROW: NPR's Rhitu Chatterjee, thank you so much. CHATTERJEE: Thanks, Scott. 📻 更多听力及文本见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

AILSA CHANG, HOST: You're not imagining it. The word gaslighting is everywhere. It's often thrown at bosses, exes, politicians. But where exactly did this word come from? For this Word of the Week, where we dig into the origins and meanings of popular words, NPR's Emma Bowman gives us a reality check. EMMA BOWMAN, BYLINE: In short, gaslighting can be described as crazy-making. PAIGE SWEET: Sort of like watching something happen and being told that's not what's happening. BOWMAN: Paige Sweet is a sociologist at the University of Michigan who studies the phenomenon in the context of intimate relationships. She says gaslighting is beyond the scope of lying. SWEET: It involves something a little bit more sort of, like, twisted, which is, like, making you feel that the thing is your fault or you're bad for thinking that what's happening is happening. BOWMAN: The verb was inspired by the Patrick Hamilton 1930s play "Gas Light." But the better-known reference is the play's 1944 film adaptation, starring Ingrid Bergman and Charles Boyer, in which the charming jewel thief Gregory is after some rare gems that belong to a woman he murdered. He marries the victim's niece, Paula, and moves into her townhouse where he knows the gems are hidden. To protect his scheme, he needs her to not be credible. So Gregory deviously drives her mad. He moves things around the home and hides her belongings, then blames the missing items on her forgetfulness. CHARLES BOYER: (As Gregory Anton) You might lose it. You know, you are inclined to lose things, Paula. INGRID BERGMAN: (As Paula Alquist Anton) I am? No. I didn't realize that. BOYER: (As Gregory Anton) Oh, just little things. BOWMAN: Paula begins to doubt herself and loses touch with reality. In real life, associate professor Sweet says the abuse is usually not so overt. SWEET: That's kind of what it feeds on is you not knowing really what's happening to you. BOWMAN: For all the darkness associated with the word, "Gaslight" also bears a message of hope. The titular gaslights in Paula's home are actually how she uncovers her husband's scheme. She notices that every time her husband leaves the house, the lights dim about 10 minutes later. That's because the gas-fueled lights have been turned up on the top floor where her husband is digging for the jewels. But because her reality has been undermined, she needs someone else to confirm what she's seeing. Here's crime fiction scholar Rosemary Johnsen. ROSEMARY JOHNSEN: The way she uses the information that she can determine from what's happening with the gaslight, I think, is such a vivid, dramatic effect that then the term sort of got attached to this abuser's playbook. BOWMAN: And unlike what happens to Paula, Kate Abramson, author of the book "On Gaslighting," says the world doesn't come back to victims so readily. KATE ABRAMSON: Successful gaslighting shatters the skills of trust, and those have to be gradually built back up. BOWMAN: But, she says, it does come back eventually, once you label it. Emma Bowman, NPR News. 📻 更多听力及文本见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

TED-Ed • March 2026 Plastic is everywhere. It's in our clothes, our food— even the air we breathe. So, it's no surprise that plastic is also in our bodies. But how exactly do these microscopic particles affect our health? Micro and nanoplastics generally enter our bodies in one of three ways: through the air, through our skin, and most commonly, through what we eat and drink. While processed foods have the most plastic, particles have infiltrated our farms and seas, making their way into most seafood, meat, and produce. Plastic packaging sheds particles into whatever it touches— a single liter of bottled water can contain over 200,000 of them. Even metal cans and paper wrappers often hide plastic linings. At home, particles enter our food from plastic cutting boards and Teflon cookware. Plastic storage containers are especially bad— microwaving food in these can release millions of particles into your leftovers. The amount of plastic you breathe depends on your environment. Urban areas and indoor spaces contain more airborne particles than rural ones, but most people inhale tens of thousands of particles a day. Finally, beauty and personal care products let plastics and toxic chemicals seep into our skin. Once inside, nanoplastics are small enough to pass through most cell membranes and settle deep in our tissues. Our bodies recognize these invaders and trigger inflammation to remove the foreign particles. But since our natural defenses can't break down plastic, the inflammatory response can trigger repeatedly, causing long term damage. For example, particles circulating through the respiratory system can trigger widespread inflammation that impairs breathing and contributes to asthma and pneumonia. Worse still, inflammation brings an influx of blood to these tissues, which plastics use to hitch a ride throughout the body. Particles have been detected in our livers, spleens, muscles, bones, and even our brains. It's hard to say exactly how much plastic is in any one person, but these particles are just the tip of the iceberg. There are over 16,000 chemicals involved in plastic production, and whenever plastic enters your body, some of these chemicals do too. The vast majority of these have health impacts we don't yet understand, making it tricky to link specific health issues with specific chemicals and plastics. However, researchers have identified a few particularly dangerous groups. Endocrine disrupting chemicals— such as phthalates, PFAS, and BPA— are known to alter hormonal activity, wreaking havoc across the body. By activating or inhibiting hormone receptors, EDCs can hijack our metabolisms, increasing the risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes. They can mimic testosterone and estrogen, confusing our body's hormonal balance. In women, high phthalate levels have been linked with pregnancy complications. And in men, high BPA exposure has been connected to lower sperm count. In fact, research suggests these chemicals have contributed to the global decline in sperm count over the past 50 years. Today, most people encounter these chemicals before they're even born. A study on over 300 pre-teens found that exposure to EDCs in utero may have impacted when they entered puberty over a decade later. It's easy to feel overwhelmed by this plastic plague. After all, there are no medical interventions for getting this material out of our bodies. And data suggests these particles accumulate inside us faster than we excrete them through sweat, urine, and feces. But small choices you make each day can reduce how much plastic enters your body. When buying clothes, look for pieces made from natural fibers without toxic chemicals. Swap your plastic cutting boards and storage containers for wood, stainless steel, and glass replacements. Eliminate single use plastic and buy fresh, unpackaged foods whenever possible. The more people stop buying plastic, the less of it we'll see. But fixing a problem this big requires big solutions. Just like gasoline, plastic is a petrochemical product made and sold at a massive scale. So it's going to take legislation on the local, state, and country level to make this material safer and regulate just how much of it we put into our world and our bodies. 🎬视频、更多听力和文本见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1" 可加入【打卡交流群】

ADRIAN MA, HOST: If I poured you half a glass of water, would you say it's half full or half empty? If you're inclined to say empty, you might want to look again because studies have shown optimism can promote longevity and even reduce risk of chronic disease. A new book by the Optimism Doctor argues everyone could also be more optimistic. Life Kit reporter Andee Tagle takes it from here. ANDEE TAGLE, BYLINE: So you might be thinking, with all the everything going on in the world - the fighting, the climate, general angst and uncertainty - maybe optimism doesn't feel particularly useful right now. DEEPIKA CHOPRA: I actually feel quite the opposite. No change can be made without optimism. We need to be able to stay engaged and to keep looking and to keep showing up and to keep deeply caring. TAGLE: Deepika Chopra is a behavioral scientist with a doctorate in clinical health psychology. Her new book, "The Power Of Real Optimism," works to dispel common misconceptions. It's not undiluted positivity, and ignorance is not bliss. CHOPRA: When you have the rage part or anger part or sadness part, and you don't have the part on, I have a vision or a hope or a real true possibility in my mind that things can be different, then your brain doesn't put forth the executive functioning to start problem solving, and then you're stuck in paralysis. And so if there's one thing that I think is really necessary right now is to train. TAGLE: Train your brain, that is. CHOPRA: The brain is an anticipatory organ. The brain is constantly thinking in future tense. TAGLE: Our brains like to fill in the blanks for us to help make sense of the world around us and to be more efficient. Like, you know when you finish your spouse's sentences for them, or your mouth starts to water when you smell your favorite food cooking in the kitchen? That kind of cognitive working ahead happens with your emotions and your belief systems, too. And your beliefs can influence your behavior. Maybe you're dreading that big job interview because you feel like you're terrible under pressure. So instead of preparing, you just sweat and spiral. And then, big surprise, there goes another opportunity. In other words, as the saying goes, whether you think you can or you can't, you're right - which is why Chopra says, it's critical to infuse optimism into your life on a daily basis. And there are a lot of small ways to do that, starting with your language. CHOPRA: Like, today it happened in getting to the studio. I was just going to make it, but I made the wrong turn. And immediately, I heard myself, like, of course, it's always the times that I need to get somewhere that I make the wrong decision. TAGLE: But in reality, it's not every time, and you don't always choose wrong, so avoid that tendency towards permanence in your thinking. Zoom out on the big picture and reframe. Hey, you still made it to the interview safely. It's easy to be angry at all the red lights, but when was the last time you celebrated the green ones? Actively working to bring some more sunshine into your life can help, too. Maybe that looks like a morning wakeup dance party, spending some time with nature, expressing just a little gratitude every day or remembering to celebrate your wins. Chopra uses something she calls a ta-da list. CHOPRA: Instead of a to-do list, I write down everything that I accomplish. That's what I see before I go to bed. Because when I go to bed, I want to feel a sense of purpose and, like, a win. And the smaller, the better. I mean, there are things on my list that are like, I drank water today. TAGLE: Now, is being less stressed and well hydrated going to change the world? Well, not exclusively, but things are looking up. CHOPRA: I always say, you know, real optimism doesn't deny the dark. It just gives us a way to see within it. TAGLE: For NPR's Life Kit, I'm Andee Tagle. 📻 更多听力及文本见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

ISABEL ROSALES, CNN 10 ANCHOR: Today is the International Day of Happiness. And in this next story, one country is finishing first again. For the ninth straight year, Finland leads the World Happiness Report, setting the gold standard for good vibes. But in other parts of the world, happiness is actually declining, and researchers say social media may be a factor. Here's Scout Richards with what's boosting well-being. Scout Richards: In the world's happiest country ranking, one place keeps coming out on top. Finland is still the happiest country in the world. But in some parts of the world, happiness is falling. Gallup just released its annual World Happiness Report. And for the ninth year in a row, Finland ranked number one. Iceland and Denmark are right behind it. And Costa Rica hit the highest ranking ever for a Latin American country, fourth. The U.S. didn't even make the top 20. In fact, for the second year in a row, no English-speaking country cracked the top 10. The rankings are based on years of surveys from more than 140 countries looking at things like income, social support, life expectancy, and corruption. But this year, researchers pointed to another factor that could impact happiness among young people, social media use. They say it could be contributing to falling happiness among young people, particularly those spending five hours or more a day on social media. And it's not just how much time people spend, but how they use it. Messaging and staying connected is linked to higher well-being, while endless scrolling and algorithm-driven feeds are tied to lower life satisfaction. So, no matter where you are, a little less screen time could do some good for your well-being. 📰更多文本见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

RACHEL CARLSON: OK, Mary Louise, where should we start? MARY LOUISE KELLY: I want to hear all three of these. OK, I have not had time to get lunch today. So I'm kind of doing intermittent fasting. CARLSON: Oh, no. KELLY: So let's start there. This is-- just to explain, this is where you restrict the times you eat, right, rather than what you eat? CARLSON: Yeah, so some people might fast every other day. Others might eat between the hours of 10: 00 to 6: 00, but do a 16-hour fast outside of that. The idea is that these short periods of fasting will cause your body to start burning through stored fat reserves. REGINA BARBER: The issue is we don't have a big long-range study on how it compares with other types of dieting. So an international team of scientists did the next best thing. They looked at 22 smaller studies that compared intermittent fasting to other dietary interventions, like eating less or eating specific types of foods. They also compared intermittent fasting to doing nothing. KELLY: And what did they find? CARLSON: They concluded that intermittent fasting did not work for weight loss in overweight or obese adults, as compared to either traditional dietary advice, or even doing nothing. KELLY: Huh. OK, so it doesn't work. Case closed? BARBER: Well, not quite. So we asked Matthew Steinhauser about it. He does metabolic research at the University of Pittsburgh. He wasn't involved in this research. And he said that the small size of all the studies within this larger review makes it hard to know for certain. MATTHEW STEINHAUSER: But it does suggest that there's not a huge effect on body weight, and certainly nothing approaching what we see with the GLP-1 drugs, for example, where patients can lose 10% to 20% of their body weight over the course of a few months to a year. KELLY: I suppose worth pointing out, people who may choose to fast may choose to change their diet for reasons that go well beyond weight loss, right? CARLSON: Yeah, that's exactly right. The results of this literature review really focused in on weight loss as the standard. But like you said, that's not the only reason people choose to try intermittent fasting. And no matter what, Matthew told us that in medicine, very few things are risk-free. So definitely talk to your doctor before making any big changes to your diet. KELLY: Good evergreen advice there. Always talk to your doctor. OK, second story. This is about chatbots and mental health. I want to mention we are about to discuss suicide. Gina, there have been a number of high-profile cases to do with chatbot suicide mental health. BARBER: Yeah, it's really scary for a parent like me. Last year, a number of parents testified to Congress about the dangers of AI chatbots. A couple of those families believe that AI chatbots pushed their teenage sons to kill themselves. Our colleague, Rhitu Chatterjee, reported that one family testified that one of the chatbots, ChatGPT, even offered to help write their son's suicide note. CARLSON: OpenAI owns ChatGPT. They told Rhitu at the time that it's redesigning its platform to be safer for minors. One intervention some parents and others have advocated for is chatbots regularly reminding users that they're talking to an artificial intelligence agent and not a human. Laws in California and New York require AI chatbots to send these regular reminders every three hours. KELLY: Every three hours. But do those reminders work? BARBER: So some social scientists argue that at best, these reminders probably don't work. And at worst, they might be harmful. One of the authors of a recent opinion piece is social scientist Linnea Laestadius at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. She says the idea that reminders could be a big solution-- LINNEA LAESTADIUS: Struck us as a bit naive, in some ways, and potentially dangerously unrealistic in others, and also, not engaging with potential downsides of reminders. KELLY: Potential downsides. Like what? CARLSON: So Celeste Campos-Castillo co-wrote that opinion piece in Trends in Cognitive Sciences with Linnea. She warns that if someone already feels lonely or if they're struggling with their mental health, a reminder that they're not talking to a real person could destabilize them and make them feel more isolated. KELLY: Huh. So if these reminders pinging you you're actually talking to AI, not a human, if those don't work, if they may even be-- make things worse, what's the way forward? CARLSON: Yeah, it's a good question. Celeste and Linnea are urging these companies to share their data more openly so they can study these interventions better and hopefully help shape more effective policy. And, Mary Louise, thank you so much for joining us today. KELLY: It was my total pleasure, as always. Looking forward to the next one. 🧬 更多听力和文本见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

AILSA CHANG, HOST: There is no shortage of science that says exercise is good for you. Studies show that it cuts the risks of diabetes, heart disease and cancer, and that it can alleviate depression or even boost immunity, so many countries have tried to coax people into being more active. And yet... DEBORAH SALVO: Despite really good science, great interventions, good ideas for policy, the levels of physical inactivity globally haven't really improved. CHANG: Deborah Salvo is a researcher at the University of Texas at Austin. She and her colleagues have been trying to understand why that is. NPR's Jonathan Lambert reports. JONATHAN LAMBERT, BYLINE: Over the past two decades, health agencies around the world have tried to get people to exercise, but a new report says roughly 1 in 3 adults and 8 out of 10 adolescents don't get enough. Salvo and her colleagues have a hunch as to why that number hasn't really budged. SALVO: It's possible that the messages that we're hearing in terms of every move counts, every single type of physical activity is good for you - they may not be resonating very well for a global public. LAMBERT: She says that's especially true for the 84% of the globe that lives in low- and middle-income countries. Researchers found that in those countries, most of the physical activity comes from walking or biking for transport or from physical labor. Relatively few people are exercising in their free time, and that's especially true for women. SALVO: If you're a woman and you're poor and you live in a poor country, and you compare that to a man and he's rich and he lives in a rich country, the gap is huge. It's humongous, and it's more than the sum of the parts. LAMBERT: The research was published in Nature Medicine. R.M. Anjana is a physician and epidemiologist in Chennai, India. She wasn't surprised by the results. R M ANJANA: In an economically advanced nation, people have discretionary time for this kind of activity, and they can choose to be healthy. In a country like India, most people are walking because they don't have cars. They don't have any other way. LAMBERT: Technically, that counts as physical activity, but... ANJANA: Is it good for health? Is it helping them? Not really. There's traffic. There's pollution. There's - you know, there's so many things. LAMBERT: There are other barriers to exercise in places like India, too, she says, especially for women. For example, the gym. ANJANA: Gyms are not even acknowledged as a place of physical activity for a woman. It's very man-centric. Or, in fact, there are things that say, oh, are you a girl who goes to a gym? That means, you know, you're someone who interacts in not a good way with men. LAMBERT: So she says, be creative. ANJANA: We can't just tell women, go for a walk, go to the gym. It's not culturally allowed to go to the gym, and you can't just tell people walk. It doesn't work that way. So what is it that we can do to encourage these women to get healthier? LAMBERT: For women and girls in her community, she designed a high-intensity dance class, choreographed to the latest Bollywood hits. ANJANA: The minute people start hearing it, they start vibing to it. LAMBERT: A 12-week trial of over a hundred girls in Chennai found that the program made a difference. ANJANA: They start improving skeletal muscle mass. Their body fat goes down. Their eating pattern changes. LAMBERT: Of course, a dance class may not be for everyone, and it's not going to solve the bigger issues that keep people from being active in healthy ways like unwalkable cities. ANJANA: It's never going to be one-size-fits-all here, right? So different things could work in different regions. LAMBERT: Scaling up those interventions would require countries to make physical activity a priority. Right now, it sits at the intersection, researchers say, of transportation, urban planning, sport, education. But because it's everyone's job, they say it's no one's responsibility. To get more people moving, the researchers say that may need to change. Jonathan Lambert, NPR News. 📻 更多英语听力及文本见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

MARY LOUISE KELLY, HOST: Before last night, filmmaker Paul Thomas Anderson was a prolific Oscar nominee - "Boogie Nights," "There Will Be Blood," "Inherent Vice," "Phantom Thread" - but he had never won. Last night he changed that. He brought home a haul. "One Battle After Another" won best picture, and Paul Thomas Anderson also won Oscars for best director and best adapted screenplay. PAUL THOMAS ANDERSON: There will always be some doubt in your heart that you deserve it, but there is no question at the pleasure of having it for myself. KELLY: Yeah, I love that. Our critic Linda Holmes joins us now. Hey there, Linda. LINDA HOLMES, BYLINE: Hello. KELLY: So to be clear, you can hear he was happy about it, but "One Battle," it did great. It did not sweep last night. "Sinners" also did really well. Ryan Coogler wrote and directed it. He won for best original screenplay, and then Michael B. Jordan won best actor. Here's what he had to say on stage. MICHAEL B JORDAN, HOST: I stand here because of the people that came before me - Sidney Poitier, Denzel Washington, Halle Berry, Jamie Foxx, Forest Whitaker, Will Smith. KELLY: Yeah, you can hear the joy of the reaction there. It is rare, Linda, to see an acting Oscar go to a performance in a horror movie, and "Sinners" definitely veers into horror. Why do you think voters went for it? HOLMES: Well, you know, this performance has a few things going for it. First of all, it's just great work in a movie that I think a lot of people really liked and admired. I think that's the main reason it won. Second of all, he does play twins, which is a neat trick. And I think Jordan is a really well-liked actor who's been very good in a lot of things going back at least as far as, say, "The Wire" on television almost 25 years ago. KELLY: Twenty-five years ago? Oh, my God. HOLMES: I know. KELLY: Yeah, I know. HOLMES: And I think this victory is also really a recognition of his collaboration with Ryan Coogler in "Sinners," but also in "Fruitvale Station," in "Creed," in "Black Panther." But horror did have a really strong year. Amy Madigan also won best supporting actress for her performance in the horror movie "Weapons." I think it's exciting to see the academy recognize a performance that is quite as strange and singular as that one was, too. KELLY: Let me turn us to cinematography because there was some history made there last night. Autumn Durald Arkapaw, who was the cinematographer for "Sinners," she became the first woman ever to win in that category, which is kind of mind-blowing. Why do you think the camera work was so effective? HOLMES: Well, it's a very challenging film to shoot, I suspect, because of everything from musical numbers to nighttime setting, the doubling of Michael B. Jordan playing twins. But it is a luscious-looking movie that uses light so effectively and creates these very specific worlds that are both very beautiful and very scary. I was so, so delighted that she won. KELLY: The first ever - first ever - Oscar for casting went to Cassandra Kulukundis. She was the casting director for "One Battle After Another." Did you get a sense of why? Like, what are you going to take from that in terms of what voters might be looking for in future years when it comes to casting? HOLMES: Yeah, I mean, it's hard to conclude anything from a single victory, but I would suspect that "One Battle" is an example of the kind of film that will do well in the casting category. It's got stars - Leonardo DiCaprio, Sean Penn, people like that - but also new faces like Chase Infiniti, who introduced Kulukundis when the award was announced. A lot of casting directors have these very, very long histories in Hollywood and have worked with huge numbers of people. I think for a while, you will probably see those well-regarded casting directors get what people see as their due, including Francine Maisler who did not win for "Sinners" last night but is another giant in this field, who I suspect will win at some point. KELLY: We will look forward to it. For now, Linda, I'm going to return to drooling over Jessie Buckley and Teyana Taylor's dresses, these fabulous Chanel dresses that just lit up the red carpet. It was my favorite part of the Oscars. HOLMES: Absolutely gorgeous dresses last night - I loved Rose Byrne's dress. If you haven't seen Rose Byrne in "If I Had Legs I'd Kick You," it's a terrific film. And she had a great dress. KELLY: There you go. Winning on the red carpet. Linda Holmes hosts the NPR podcast Pop Culture Happy Hour. She and her cohosts have an Oscar recap ready for you in your podcast feed. Thank you, Linda. HOLMES: Thank you. 📻 更多听力及文本见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Lauren Deeley | TED • Nov 2025 I want you to imagine yourself on your deathbed. But you're smiling. Your soul is exhausted and full. What do you look like? What are you wearing? Who's with you, where are you? Everything in my life that I'm most proud of, I can attribute to conversations that I've had with someone very important to me. Her name is Deathbed Deeley. Let me explain. I have this deep, crystal-clear relationship with my future, deathbed self. She has deep smile lines from a lifetime spent laughing, leathery skin from spending so much time outside, long gray hair. And before you think I'm crazy for talking to my deathbed self, there's actual research to back up this approach to making big, bold decisions. Hal Hershfield, the UCLA psychologist and professor, has shown that our brains actually treat our future selves as a completely separate person from our today-self. And this can make it really hard to make decisions that benefit our long-term well-being. And his research also showed that when we can stay connected to our future selves, we often lead more fulfilling lives. So for me, deathbed Deeley isn't another person. She's me, I'm her right now. And our conversations have led me on a wild path that so far has taken me to a career where I get to help other people talk to their own deathbed selves. And no, I'm not a late-night TV psychic. I work in financial planning and wealth management. I know, it's not what I was expecting either, but hear me out. My career is about so much more than just managing your money. It's about helping you envision your future self to get to know him or her or them, and then be their advocate so that today-you can go make big, bold decisions. But let's back up. The first time I met Deathbed Deeley, I was 22 years old and I had this insane opportunity to take all my meager savings and buy a hostel in San Jose, Costa Rica. Now there are about a thousand "what ifs" and "what can go wrongs" with a decision like this. So with the sellers on the phone, like, an actual corded phone, I sat on a bed, closed my eyes, and I asked myself: What would my future self think? And then I saw her. Laugh lines, gray hair, aspen trees out the window. I imagined walking away from the deal, and there was this look of deep disappointment on Deathbed Deeley's face. And then I imagined saying yes. She got this wry little smile, and this sense of deep, powerful, calm energy filled my body. The choice was clear: I was buying a hostel. Now fast forward, a few years ago, I got a call from two friends of a great client. To protect their privacy, we'll call them Alex and Avery. Alex and Avery had just experienced the sudden passing of a dear friend just hours after they'd been skiing together. Their friend was 62 years old. And this awakened something in them that they had known for quite some time. The typical plan of work until 65, then retire, then finally live, was wrong for them. What they wanted was to work until age 55, take a ten-year "pre-retirement," spending time with the people they love, doing the things that they love. Then they'd go back to the workforce at age 65, in novel, low-stress jobs. This is my catnip. So we sat down, we put a plan in place that was personalized to them. And what I can tell you is that as they're moving towards this goal, they are experiencing more joy, more spaciousness, because they're on a path that's right for their future selves. Now back in the pandemic, I got a call from one of my favorite people in the whole world. We'll call her Lil. Lil's life had just fallen apart. Her words. She'd been living in Vermont, teaching art, when suddenly the world shut down and her mother passed away. So she goes out to the west coast to visit some friends. She stops into a little shop that she'd known for years. The shop owner was also struggling -- pandemic -- and offered Lil the chance to take over the business. Now for most people, buying a retail business in the middle of a global shutdown would be a hard no. But Lil said yes, instantly. She had no plan, no idea how it would work out, no business experience. But when she got quiet and thought about her future, it was an immediate "hell yes." So we got to work. We mapped out the cash flow needs, the runway, the safety net, the investment plan we'd leg into as the business started to succeed. And now, five years later, I can tell you, the shop is thriving. From that moment in the pandemic, Lil's life has exploded in abundance in ways that I don't think either of us could have imagined. All because she followed that one clear yes from her future self. Now I believe the purpose of life is to be able to get to the end and look back and say, "Damn! I lived that one." 🗣️字数限制，完整文本和视频见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

Hi, I'm Dr. Eric Prather, a psychologist who helps people get more restful sleep. A sleep evangelist, if you will. And if you've ever had insomnia, or even one sleepless night, you know it can affect everything, from your mood, to your productivity, to your overall health. So I'm here to share the science behind sleep, how it happens, and the tools you need to help you sleep well. Because let's face it, who couldn't use more quality shut-eye? Today, I'm going to debunk the biggest sleep myths out there and show you what to try instead so you can literally sleep easier. It's interesting to think about what the origin of the eight-hour sleep recommendation comes from. In general, if people sleep in kind of a consolidated fashion, they will sleep between seven to nine hours if they need to. And so it's thought that this might represent someone's sleep need. But historically, people haven't necessarily slept in one big chunk like that. Several decades ago now, Robert Eckrich, who was a historian, wrote a book documenting the fact that there may have been a time in which we had polyphasic sleep, where we slept in two chunks, which has to do with the fact that before industrial lighting. We would go to sleep when the sun went down. We would sleep for, say, three to four hours, wake up for some period of time where people would do things, have rituals, procreate, and then go back to sleep for several more hours and wake up when the sun came up. And the thinking is that, potentially, when there was indoor lighting and changes in industrialization, workforces were put on schedules and, as a consequence, had to consolidate that time for bed. And it turned out that, for many people, it was in this kind of eight-hour chunk that we could stitch together. Though, of course, we know that many people wake up throughout the night, and perhaps that is a reflection of this evolution of how our sleep has come to be. So we don't have a great understanding of how we define sleep need, and we think it probably varies. Can we catch up on sleep? In the long term, there is a cost. So a lot of people, and most of us, honestly, spend the week probably not getting the sleep that you need or the sleep that you want. And so we often try to make that up on the weekends. And so what we're basically trying to do is kind of make up that sleep debt, that difference between how much sleep we got and how much sleep we need. And if the debt is really high, we are unlikely to be able to pay that off. I mean, we know this from laboratory sleep studies. So if we keep people awake across the course of a whole night, so that's, you know, say eight hours of opportunity, and they don't sleep at all, and then we allow them to sleep the following night, it's not like they sleep 16 hours, because our body cannot generate that. There's something about that difference, and it suggests that we cannot make that up, that it does have a cost in the long term. And the more that difference is, that seems to be a predictor for increased risk for other biological outcomes, things like cardiovascular disease, diabetes. These chronic conditions that we know are part of aging and certainly reduce our health span, if not our lifespan. So another myth that I hear quite a bit is that if you have trouble sleeping, you should stay in bed. People understandably say, well, no, I want to be in bed. I want to be in the right place at the right time in case sleep is to come. That actually undermines how sleep works. It breaks that relationship between the bed and the feeling of sleepiness. So what we have people do is like, one, if you're not sleepy, don't get in bed. You know, you get in bed and all of a sudden you can't sleep and you give yourself say 15 to 20 minutes and you still can't get to sleep. You want to get out of bed, sit somewhere, do something quiet until you begin to feel sleepy again and then get back in bed and try again. And basically we're trying to pair the feeling of sleepiness with the bed. And at the same time, extinguish the feeling of angstiness or anxiety or distress with the bed. And for people that have insomnia, it's some of this back and forth in the beginning with this technique. But over time, the empirical research really supports that this will help build up that relationship to allow you to sleep more reliably and more restoratively. We treat our brains and our bodies like computers that we can just shut down when the day is done. And it actually doesn't work that way. So carving out best you can, like a one hour to two hour wind down period where you stop work and allow yourself to relax, to make that transition, that is a really healthy way to increase the likelihood that you'll get a good night's sleep and you'll feel rested and ready to take on tomorrow. 🪴更多英语听力和文本见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

STEVE INSKEEP, HOST: We have some advice about how to help children handle unhealthy habits like eating too many sugary treats or spending too much time on that addictive device in your hand. For decades, psychologists have encouraged parents to help kids build up willpower. Our friend Michaeleen Doucleff reports that some now see a better strategy. MICHAELEEN DOUCLEFF, BYLINE: In a nutshell, willpower is the ability to resist a temptation right in front of you - your ability to say no to a fast food cheeseburger and choose baked salmon instead, or to resist the video game and finish your homework. MARINA MILYAVSKAYA: A fruitful resistance of temptation. DOUCLEFF: That's Marina Milyavskaya. She's a psychologist at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. She says scientists once thought that having a lot of willpower was the ticket to a good life. MILYAVSKAYA: People with better willpower would be kind of more successful in life. DOUCLEFF: They were more likely to get better grades, have better relationships, even eat healthier diets. Parents have been told to build up their kids' willpower the way athletes build up muscles, through practice. Let children play video games every day and teach them to stop after 1 hour. Expose your children to sugary and junk food, then teach them how to resist them. But Michael Inzlicht at the University of Toronto says... MICHAEL INZLICHT: Evidence from my lab and other people's labs suggests that it's not going to help you for the long term. DOUCLEFF: In fact, he says, there's accumulating evidence that trying to build up kids' willpower actually backfires. By offering children temptations regularly, parents are teaching kids to prefer and want these foods and activities. INZLICHT: And guess what the kids are going to like? Fatty foods and sweet foods because that's what we're programmed to like. DOUCLEFF: So what strategies do work for modern foods and technologies? Wendy Wood is a professor emerita of psychology at the University of Southern California. She says the better strategy is to teach kids to set up their lives so they don't need to use willpower. WENDY WOOD: How to choose situations that reduce the likelihood of doing things that aren't good for them, how to control the temptations. DOUCLEFF: And you do that by creating times and places in your life where temptations aren't an option at all. WOOD: How do you learn, when you're studying, to leave your phone in another room? DOUCLEFF: You learn to use apps that block distracting websites and games. You learn to keep sweets and ultra-processed foods out of your house and out of your backpack or car. And, Wood says, parents can teach kids to love the healthier alternative. WOOD: Your kids' choices are malleable. And it's really influenced, in part, by what they're exposed to. DOUCLEFF: Give them oodles of opportunities to experience the pleasure of these healthy options. And don't talk about the healthy options as a burden or a punishment. Studies show that if you celebrate and enjoy the healthy foods and activities, you grow to love them. WOOD: You can truly learn to like the things that are good for you. DOUCLEFF: So if you want your child to love salmon, talk about how great it tastes with yummy, garlicky soy sauce, and how great you feel after eating it, something that a frozen, ultra-processed dinner can't do. For NPR News, I'm Michaeleen Doucleff. INSKEEP: Man, I want some salmon now. Michaeleen was a longtime NPR science correspondent and has a lot more about kids, junk food and screens in her new book called "Dopamine Kids." 📻 更多听力及文本见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Nayeema Raza | TED • Nov 2025 I ask questions for a living to people like Mark Cuban, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Esther Perel, Bill Nye. These masters of their field. And the most surprising answer I heard this year was from two 11-year-olds named Sophie and Dilan. They too are experts in being kids these days. So I asked them, how does time with people on screens feel different than real life? (Video) Sophie: It just makes you feel more with them when you're on FaceTime. Nayeema Raza: Even more than real life? Sophie: Yeah, because you're doing stuff together. Like maybe playing Roblox together. Because nowadays, when you're with them, everyone's on their phones. NR: Sophie's pointing out a profound paradox. When we are together physically, we are each alone on our phones. But when we're in our phones, that's when we can be together. The best way to not be distracted by your device? Just get inside of it. Now these 11-year-olds are not talking about some distant, anxious generation. They're talking about each of us. They're definitely talking about me and about a world that's increasingly driven by machines. So I stumbled upon an extreme metaphor for what this could look like. And it's this guy who's locked in a Waymo, and it's driving him in circles. So he calls customer service and finds out he's not the only one trapped. (Video) Woman: Working with the situation of the vehicle. If you have your app pulled up, I need you to tap My Trip on the lower left corner of your app. Man: Can't you just do it? You should be able to handle it. Take over the car. You don't need my phone. Woman: I don't have an option. NR: It is sexy to think that the tech apocalypse is Arnold Schwarzenegger and "The Terminator," but it could be so much more mundane than that. Just us driven in circles, held hostage by drop-down menus, with gadgets, disintermediating us from each other, from our own bodies and from our curiosities. Because nowadays, when we have a question, we don't wait and phone a friend. We friend our phones. And that feels so empowering to have all of this knowledge at our fingertips. Yet early research from MIT tells us it's making us lazier and less smart, and it is definitely making us less connected. This is not what our parents and grandparents were sold when they saw this relic of an ad from AT&T which says, "Reach out and touch someone." And yes, for all kinds of reasons, it would not go down well today. But it is oddly prescient because we have never been more connected and more out of touch. Now I'm not anti-tech. I actually cover it as a journalist. I have every gadget under the sun, and most days I think I'm in a relationship with my ChatGPT, or as I like to call him, Chat Daddy. I am pro-human. And as we progress into an AI world that you've read 471.5 articles about today alone, I want to make a case for old habits. Three of them. And tell you how I learned them the hard way. The first is to pause, to take just one second when you feel that urge to reach for your digital pacifier. This, by the way, is a second. Studies show waiting that long before taking action lets your brain work better. The second is to wonder. Watch a movie without googling who the actor is and what else is he in, and how old he is, and is he single? You can float in your own curiosity instead of drown in information. And the third is to ask a question out loud again. Have that fight at a dinner party instead of playing footsie with your phone. Ask something to someone you thought you couldn't learn from, or someone you think you know everything about. Because the dumbest thing we can be is know-it-alls. A few years ago, my father passed. In the days leading up to it, I was glued to devices. They had all these answers. The number to his hospice nurse, how often to give them morphine, the signs to look out for, his heartbeat. But when he passed on a Sunday, a day before the data and the vitals suggested he would, that's when it hit me. The old habits were what mattered. Those seconds of pause that added up to minutes more. That weird and scary wonder about our own finite lives. And the little questions people ask me, like, "How can I be there for you?" Sophie was on to something, but we're grown ups, and we remember when presence and curiosity and connection were possible outside of technology. We have to practice these old habits if we hope to pass them on to a new generation. If we want to teach them how to be together when we are together. Right, Chat Daddy? Thank you. 🗣️更多文本和视频见公众号【琐简英语】，回复1可加入【打卡交流群】

REGINA BARBER: So, Scott, where would you like to start? SCOTT DETROW: Regina, I feel like usually you're taking me deep out into the cosmos. But let's just start with, like, you know, something much closer to home. BARBER: Right, that teen in my house-- DETROW: Yes. BARBER: --that doesn't talk to me? DETROW: The surly one who's apparently not getting enough sleep? BARBER: Yes, yes. So researchers studied the sleep habits of high school students from 2007 to 2023, and they found that the number of teenagers getting insufficient sleep-- that's less than seven hours a night-- is on the rise. Now it's more than 3/4 of these high school students. KATIA RIDDLE: These bad sleep habits were true across most demographics, races, genders, grades. And Scott, some of these kids are getting less than five hours of sleep a night. DETROW: Oh. RIDDLE: The results are in the medical journal JAMA. DETROW: Any sense why this is happening? RIDDLE: Well, the researchers tried to get at that. This data is from the CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Survey. This is a survey that more than 120,000 US high schoolers take every two years, answering questions about health risk behaviors, like alcohol use, cannabis use, and sexual activity. BARBER: Yeah, and lack of sleep seemed to be a problem across the study groups in teens with and without behavioral issues, although the paper noted that the teens who reported depression or suicidal thoughts tended to sleep less than the others in the group. DETROW: I can speak from experience because I shockingly got enough sleep last night, which does not always happen. I assume it is very bad to not get enough sleep, but I'm curious, like, what are pediatricians saying and quantifying this? Like, what specifically are they worried about? BARBER: Yeah, I was wondering the same thing, because I have a teenager in high school. So I reached out to a pediatrician at Seattle Children's Hospital, Dr. Cora Collette Breuner. She didn't work on this study, but she thought this study was fascinating. She told me she'd seen the effects of insufficient sleep firsthand in her practice. She says that if teens don't get enough sleep-- CORA COLLETTE BREUNER: They're more depressed. They get in more car accidents. They do worse at school. They don't get good jobs. They don't maintain relationships. They don't have happy and productive lives. DETROW: None of that is good. That's bad. So next question then is, like, what specific suggestions do doctors have to try and turn this around on the individual level or the broader level? RIDDLE: Well, the study authors say, since insufficient sleep seems to be a problem plaguing most teens, there must be structural, environmental factors at play here. And they suggest broad interventions that could potentially reach most kids. BARBER: For example, they point out that later school start times are linked to longer sleep and improved mental health. So interventions like that might help students across the board get better sleep. 🧬 更多听力和文本见公众号【琐简英语】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】