提取的英文内容及逐句翻译 1.Employment and self-employment • It is important to distinguish between a contract of service(employment)and a contract for services(independent contractor). 区分“雇佣合同”（劳动合同）和“服务合同”（独立承包商合同）非常重要。 • Employee:An employee works under a contract of employment(also referred to as a contract of service or apprenticeship).This contract can be either oral or written. 雇员：雇员在雇佣合同（也称为服务合同或学徒合同）下工作。这种合同可以是口头的或书面的。 • Employees enjoy broad statutory protections,including those related to taxation,health and safety,and protection from unfair dismissal. 雇员享有广泛的法定保护，包括与税收、健康与安全以及免于不公平解雇的保护。 • They are also covered by vicarious liability in tort,meaning the employer may be held liable for the actions of an employee done within the scope of employment. 他们还受到侵权行为中替代责任的约束，这意味着雇主可能对雇员在雇佣范围内所采取的行为负责。 • Self-employment(Independent Contractor):An independent contractor operates under a contract for services,not a contract of employment. 自雇（独立承包商）：独立承包商在服务合同下工作，而不是在雇佣合同下。 • This means they are typically self-employed and take on work for a client but remain in control of how the work is done. 这意味着他们通常是自雇的，为客户承担工作，但保留对工作方式的控制权。 • Contractors are responsible for their own taxes and are not entitled to the same protections or rights as employees. 承包商需自行负责税务，无法享有与雇员相同的保护或权利。 • For instance,they may not have health and safety protections under employment law and are not covered by vicarious liability(the client is not responsible for their actions in the same way as with employees). 例如，他们可能无法享受劳动法下的健康与安全保护，也不在替代责任的范围内（客户不会像对雇员一样对其行为负责）。 • The distinction between these categories matters because it determines the scope of:Social security,Taxation,Employment protection,Tortious acts,health and safety,VAT,and Bankruptcy. 这些类别的区别很重要，因为它决定了以下方面的范围：社会保障、税收、就业保护、侵权行为、健康与安全、增值税和破产。 2.Employment contract and rights and duties • There are no particular legal rules relating to the commencement of employment-it is really just like any other contract in requiring offer and acceptance,consideration and intention to create legal relations. 关于雇佣开始的法律规则并无特别之处——它就像其他合同一样，需要要约和接受、对价以及意图建立法律关系。 • The employment contract 雇佣合同 • Intention to Create Legal Relations:For a contract to be enforceable,both parties must intend to create a legal relationship.In employment,this intention is typically assumed. 意图建立法律关系：合同要具有可执行性，双方必须意图建立法律关系。在雇佣中，这种意图通常被默认。 • Form of the Contract:Employment contracts can be oral,written,or implied(through actions).Written contracts are recommended but not always mandatory. 合同形式：雇佣合同可以是口头的、书面的或隐含的（通过行为）。书面合同被推荐，但并非总是强制性的。 • Implied Terms:These are terms not explicitly written but assumed by law,such as the duty of mutual respect or the employer’s duty to ensure health and safety. 隐含条款：这些条款未明确写明，但法律默认其存在，例如相互尊重的义务或雇主确保健康与安全的义务。 • Requirement for Written Particulars:In many places,certain details of the employment(e.g.,job description,pay,hours,notice period)must be provided in writing within a set time after employment begins. 书面细节要求：在许多地方，雇佣的某些细节（例如工作描述、薪酬、工作时间、通知期）必须在雇佣开始后的一定时间内以书面形式提供。 • Content of a Statement of Written Particulars:A written summary of key terms,such as job title,compensation,work hours,holiday entitlement,notice periods,and sick leave. 书面细节声明的内容：对关键条款的书面总结，例如职位、薪酬、工作时间、休假权利、通知期和病假。 • Varying the Terms of an Employment Contract:Changes must usually be agreed upon by both parties.Significant changes(e.g.,job role,salary)may require a formal contract revision. 变更雇佣合同条款：变更通常需要双方同意。重大变更（例如职位、薪资）可能需要正式修订合同。 • Varying Terms Without Changing the Contract:Minor adjustments,such as changes in working hours or tasks,may not need a full contract change if they are within the original scope. 不变更合同的情况下调整条款：如果在原始范围内，轻微调整（例如工作时间或任务的变化）可能不需要全面更改合同。 • Changing the Existing Contract:To make substantial changes,both parties must agree and document the modifications.A new contract or addendum may be signed. 变更现有合同：进行重大变更时，双方必须同意并记录修改。可以签署新合同或补充协议。 • Signing a New Contract:A new contract may be signed if the terms of employment significantly change(e.g.,job role,compensation),resetting the relationship. 签署新合同：如果雇佣条件发生重大变化（例如职位、薪酬），可以签署新合同，以重新设定关系。 • Mobility Clauses:These allow employers to require employees to change work locations.They must be reasonable and clearly defined to avoid disputes. 流动性条款：这些条款允许雇主要求员工更换工作地点。它们必须合理且明确，以避免争议。 • Common law duties of employees and employers 雇员和雇主的普通法义务 • Employee's duties: 雇员的义务： • Reasonable competence. 合理的能力。 • Obedience to the employer’s instructions. 遵从雇主的指示。 • Account for all money and property received during the course of their employment. 对其在雇佣过程中收到的所有金钱和财产负责。 • Reasonable care and skill in the performance of their work. 在履行工作时表现出合理的谨慎和技能。 • Personal service. 亲自履行服务。 • Employer duties: 雇主的义务： • To pay remuneration to employees. 向雇员支付报酬。 • To indemnify the employee. 赔偿雇员。 • To take care of the employees'health and safety at work. 照顾雇员的健康与安全。 • To provide work. 提供工作。