十六世纪英国文学 Poetry 诗歌 十七世纪英国文学 Drama 戏剧 5. William Shakespeare (1564-1616): 威廉·莎士比亚 William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest poet and dramatist the world has ever produced. Shakespeare adapted almost all of his plots from known sources. His genius seems to have come from nowhere except himself, and his mastery of language, character psychology, and emotion combined to make him one of the greatest writers of the English language. 莎士比亚几乎改编了所有已知来源的情节。他的天才似乎不来自任何地方，只来自他自己，他对语言、人物心理和情感的掌握使他成为最伟大的英语作家之一。 The common theme of his history plays: National unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity. 在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 Works Shakespeare wrote his first play, The Comedy of Errors(《错误的喜剧》) in 1589, and it is commonly believed that in his lifetime, he produced 38 plays, 2 long narrative poems and a collection of 154 sonnets. Among the treasure bank of this creation are the great tragedies such as Hamlet (《哈姆雷特》)(1603), the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as the most popular play on the stage. It has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder" thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and death. 惊悚小说特性，揭示生与死的哲学关系。 Soliloquy is a natural means of writing in revealing the prince's inner conflict and psychological predicament. 独白是揭示《哈姆雷特》中王子内心冲突和心理困境的一种自然方式。 King Lear(《李尔王》)(1608), Othello(《奥赛罗》) (1622) and Macbeth(《麦克白》)(1623). The characteristics of the four tragedies in common: Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation. Their fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. “四大悲剧”共同特点：每部都塑造了一位高尚英雄，直面人生的不公正，并陷入了艰难困境。他们的命运又都与国家的命运息息相关。 well-performed comedies such as A Mid summer Night's Dream (《仲夏夜之梦》)(1600), The Merchant of Venice (《威尼斯商人》)(1600), which is the most important play among the comedies of Shakespeare. It takes a step forward in its realistic presentation of human nature and human conflict. 《威尼斯商人》在对人性和人性冲突的写实表现上向前迈进了一步。 As You Like lt 《皆大欢喜》)(1623) and Twelfth Night(《第十二夜》)(1623). The characteristics of the romantic comedies in common: Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play. 四大喜剧的共同点：莎士比亚对爱情和青春持乐观的态度，浪漫元素充满他的作品。 His history plays and Roman plays are equally remarkable such as Henry IV (Part 1) (《亨利四世》(第一部分))(1598), Henry V (《亨利五世》)(1600), Richard Ⅲ(《理查三世》)(1597), Antony and Cleopatra (《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》)(1623) and Julius Caesar 《尤利乌斯·凯撒》)(1623). Romeo and Juliet: Though a tragedy, it is permeated with optimistic spirit. It eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness. 虽是悲剧，但体现了乐观精神，它歌颂了爱的忠贞和追求幸福的精神。 The Tempest is an elaborate and fantastic story, is known as the best of his final romances, and is a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late year. 《暴风雨》是一部精心构思的奇幻小说，被誉为他最后的浪漫小说中最好的一部，也是他晚年对人生和社会悲观态度的典型代表。 Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》 The Rape of Lucrece 《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Sonnet 73 is one of Shakespeare's most famous sonnets, which focuses on the theme of old age. The poet is lamenting that his old age has come, like the coming of the "time of year", late autumn. The whole poem is rich in the imagery of a fallen year. Episode 戏剧歌谣两首 O Mistress Mine, Where Are You Roaming? (Twelfth Night), a song recited by Feste, the fool in the play. The poem talks about a man who's telling his lover to live in the present and stop trying to find love in other places. The central motif（主题）in the poem is that of time. It is impossible to turn back time, and the speaker's lover is not taking advantage of it. Under the Greenwood Tree (As You Like lt), in which Lord Amiens, a nobleman, follows the exiled Duke to come to live in the Forest of Arden. the song carries with it an ironic undertone: the singer and other noblemen seem to enjoy their simple pastoral life in banishment, but they, deep in their minds, are willing to return to live in court. “Frailty, thy name is woman”.（ACT Ⅰ, SCENE Ⅱ from Hamlet） “虚弱，你的名字是女人” (《哈姆雷特》第Ⅰ幕 第Ⅱ场) It sets up one of many themes of the play; namely, appearance is deceptive, and reality is revealed by unveiling such an outward show. 它设置了该剧众多主题之一；也就是，外表现象是骗人的，而现实是通过揭开这样一个外表秀来揭示的。 Hamlet demonstrates a remarkable sensitivity to false appearances in this scene. He assures his mother that outward displays of sorrow, such as weeping, sighing, or wearing black, are a mere performance of grief that may or may not match what one truly feels inside. The prince's sensitivity to shows in reality partly explains his delay in taking action against a "sea of troubles" of existence and his revenge against the king, his uncle. 哈姆雷特在这一幕中表现出了对假象的非凡敏感。他向母亲保证，外在的悲伤表现，如哭泣、叹气或穿黑色衣服，只是悲伤的表现，可能与内心的真实感受相匹配，也可能不匹配。王子对在现实中假象敏感性，这在一定程度上解释了他迟迟没有对存在的“麻烦之海”采取行动，以及他对国王—他的叔叔—的报复。

十六世纪英国文学 Poetry 诗歌 4. Edmund Spenser (c.1552-1599): 埃德蒙·斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Cambridge. Works In 1578, Spenser became acquainted with Sir Philip Sidney, to whom he dedicated his The Shephearde’s Calender (《牧人月历》)(1579). Colin Clouts Come Home Again（长诗《克劳茨回家记》,1595） He also began to write The Faerie Queene(《仙后》). ln 1594 he married Elizabeth Boyle, whom he had wooed in his Amoretti(《阿莫雷蒂》) (1595), and celebrated the marriage in his superb Epithalamion (《婚曲》/《埃皮塔拉米翁》) (1594-1595). Episode Sonnet 70; Sonnet 54 (Amoretti [little love in Italian]) 《阿莫雷蒂 (小爱神)》十四行诗第70首，第54首 Both Sonnets 70 and 54 are formed by three four-line groups (quatrains) in iambic pentameter（五步抑扬格）rhymed ABAB BCBC CDCD EE. 斯宾塞十四行诗的韵律为：abab bcbc cdcd ee。 莎士比亚十四行的韵律：abab cdcd efef gg。

十六世纪英国文学 Non-fiction 散文 3. Philip Sidney (1554-1586) : 菲利普·锡德尼 Sir Philip Sidney was known during his lifetime as the perfect example of a Renaissance courtier because of his learning, and chivalry. He was also a poet of the first rank in English literature. 当时英国最佳的散文作家，又是仅次于Edmund Spenser的诗人 Works Among Sidney's major works are: The Lady of May (《五月夫人》)(1598), Arcadia(《阿卡迪亚》)(1590), Astrophel and Stella(《阿斯特罗菲尔和斯特拉》)(1591), a sequence of 108 sonnets and 11 songs, and The Defence of poesie (《为诗辩护》)(1595), the author gives a succinct definition of poetry and asserts that poetry is a better form of writing than both philosophy and history. Episode Poetry Can Do What Philosophy and History Cannot (The Defence of Poesie) “诗歌高于历史和哲学” (《为诗辩护》)

十六世纪英国文学 Non-fiction 散文 2. John Lyly (?1554-1606) : 约翰·李利 John Lyly was an Elizabethan courtier, poet and playwright best known for his pair of prose romances, Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit (《尤弗依斯:智慧的剖析》)(1578) and its sequel Euphues and His England (《尤弗依斯和他的英格兰》) (1580). Lyly was one of the well-educated graduates known as "University Wits". Lyly's peculiar style came to be known as "euphuism", which is a peculiar style of English prose. This highly mannered style is ornamental and sophisticated, employing a deliberate excess of literary devices such as antitheses, alliterations, repetitions and rhetorical questions. （对偶、头韵、重复和反问） Classical learning and remote knowledge of all kinds are displayed. Euphuism was fashionable in the 1580s, especially in the Elizabethan court, and was imitated by writers of the 1580s and 90s, including Shakespeare.("绮丽体"的界定和形式特征) Works Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit (《尤弗依斯:智慧的剖析》)(1578) Euphues and His England (《尤弗依斯和他的英格兰》) (1580) Episode Advice to a Foreign Visitor to England (Euphues and His England) “对英格兰访客的忠告”(《尤弗依斯和他的英格兰》)

十六世纪英国文学 Non-fiction 散文 1. Thomas More (1478-1535): 托马斯·莫尔 Thomas More, an English lawer, humanist writer and politician More was canonized in 1935 by the Church of Rome. Works More completed his Dialogue(《对话》), his first controversial book in English in 1528. His Latin publications (collected 1563, etc.) included, besides the famous Utopia (1516), 4 dialogues and controversial tracts in divinity. Episode The Capitalist Evil: Sheep Devour Men(Utopia 1516) “资本主义的罪恶:(羊吃人,”(《乌托邦》) Utopia is his most famous and controversial work, is often considered the highlight of More's attack on the evil of early capitalism in England. More' s pithiest (言简意赅) attack on the English Enclosure Movement (圈地运动) is perhaps in such proverbial phrases as "sheep are eating men" or "Sheep devour men" (羊吃人), which metaphorically expresses the nature of capitalist expansion and suffering of the people at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Utopia is set in a dialogical form and was widely read. (《乌托邦》的社会历史意义)

Early 英国早期文学 Poetry诗歌 4. John Skelton (c.1460-1529): 约翰·斯凯尔顿 John Skelton was a poet, playwright and satirist. His verse form is known as "Skeltonic verse", which is, as he himself puts it, "ragged, tattered and jagged, rudely rain-beaten, rusty and moth-eaten". Yet this extraordinary poetic form has its popularity.("斯凯尔顿诗体"的特点) Works His principal works include The Bowge of Courte (《宫廷的弓形》) (a satire on the court of Henry VII), A Garland of Laurel (《桂冠》) (a self-laudatory allegorical poem describing the author's crowning among the great poets of the world) and many others. His most vigorous poem was The Tunnyng of Elynour Rummyng (《埃莉诺·鲁明的图宁》). Episode To Mistress Margaret Hussey 《献给玛格丽特·赫西夫人》 It is typical of "Skeltonic verse" It is known as his classic piece, always appearing as one of the first poems in any anthology（选集） of English literature. 这首诗被称为他的经典之作，总是作为第一首诗出现在所有英国文学选集中。 "a really nice piece of music and rhymes and rhythmics."

Early 英国早期文学 Poetry诗歌 3. Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1343-1400): 杰弗里·乔叟 Geoffrey Chaucer was born into a family of winemakers and merchants. He was a prolific author, penning many stories and lyric poems over the course of his lifetime, but he is best known for The Canterbury Tales, written in 1387-1400, a collection of wise, ironic, funny, and bawdy stories that reflect the social life of his time,heralding the humanistic orientation of the English Renaissance literature that flourished in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. (乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》的创作年代及对英语文学的贡献) before Chaucer took to write, most texts in England were composed in Latin (the language of the church) or French (the language of the nobility). Chaucer decided to write in the language of the people — Middle English — and thus changed the history of literature. Works The Canterbury Tales Episode The Spring in April (The Canterbury Tales) “四月的春光”(《坎特伯雷故事集》) a poetic description of the coming of spring in April with rich images of nature that generate joyful feelings. 诗意地描绘了四月春天的到来，丰富的自然画面让人产生愉悦的感受。

Early 英国早期文学 Non-fiction 散文 2. Sir Thomas Malory: 托马斯·马洛礼 Sir Thomas Malory (d.1471), the author of Le Morte D'Arthur (Death of Arthur)(1485), is arguably identified as Sir Thomas Malory from Warwickshire, who was a knight before 1442. Malory remains an influential figure in early English literature, and his romance is considered the first prose account in English of rise and fall of the legendary King Arthur and the knightly fellowship of the Round Table.(马洛礼的文学史地位) Works Le Morte D'Arthur (Death of Arthur)(1485) Episode The Magic Sword before the Death of King Arthur (Le Morte D'Arthur) “亚瑟王死前弃神剑”(《亚瑟王之死》) King Arthur's command that his kingly sword be thrown into the lake is significant because it announces the death of the king but the continuation of a legend.

早期英国文学 Non-fiction 1. the Venerable Bede (672/673-735): 尊者比德/圣比德 The Venerable Bede studied under Benedict Biscop(修道院长之名), the abbot of Wearmouth. He is a saintly historian and scholar in the history of English letters. 英国历史学家和文学史学者 Bede was first called "Venerable" during the ninth century. Bede is generally considered the "father of English history". His account of the medieval English people certainly sheds light on our understanding of the beginning of English literature. 他对中世纪英国人的描述无疑有助于我们了解英国文学的开端。 Works Bede completed his famous book, Ecclesiastical History of the English People(《英吉利教会史》), by which time he had written nearly 40 works, mostly biblical commentaries. His early treatise De Natura Rerum(《自然法则》) contains rudimentary natural science, referring phenomena to natural causes. His other influential history work is the Lives of the Abbots(《修道院院长的生活》), which gives an account of the earlier abbots in the Northumbrian Revival. Episode Caedmon, the First English Poet (Ecclesiastical History of the English People) 卡德蒙，第一位英语诗人”(《英吉利教会史》) Cædmon(657-684) has traditionally been considered the first English poet from whom a poem has survived. His only known surviving work is Cædmon's Hymn《卡德蒙的赞美诗》 Cædmon was an illiterate herdsman, employed on a monastic landed estate near Whitby Abbey. 不识字的牧民，受雇于惠特比修道院附近的一个修道院庄园。