EP24 Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫 沃尔多 爱默生 美国超验主义

� 出生于Boston,也是读哈佛的，也做了牧师minister 而后resigned, travelling for a year to Europe. 见到了文学heros 比如 Coleridge, Wordsworth, Carlyle。

�回到美国后，开始演讲， 出版了a small pamphlet Nature《论自然》这本书成为了美国超验主义运动的集结号。This book served as the rallying cry for the Transcendentalist movement in America.

�什么是超验主义？ The Transcendentalists believed that a new era was at hand. They were critics of their contemporary society for its unthinking conformity, and urged that each person find, in Emerson's words, "an original relation to the universe". 独立自主、内在认识世界，代表人物：爱默生、梭罗、富勒。 个体自由、独立思想、创新追求。为美国文学、哲学、艺术、政治等领域的发展注入了新活力。总的来说，超验主义是一种强调个人直觉和经验，追求个体自由和独立思考的哲学和思想体系，对美国文化和社会产生了深远的影响。

�著名演讲 The American Scholar" 《美国学者》

� Dial 杂志 也有享利 戴维 梭罗 一起编辑。

� 内战后 《社会与孤独》Society and Solitude 《书信与社会目标》Letters and Social Aims

� 爱默生的演讲和论文不断为美国思想和写作提供意义，影响了几代人。【比如后面会分享的伟大文学家之一 惠特曼也是听到他的演讲，激起了写作的热情】

� Unlike Benjamin Franklin, the achiever, Emerson's American Dream meant the opportunity to live in harmony with oneself, to save not one's pennies, but one's soul. Emerson's letures and essays continually informed American thought and writing with meanings for generations.