BonnieBassler_2009[细菌是怎样交流的]

1.Bacteria are the oldest living organisms on the earth.
细菌是地球上最古老的生物.
2.They've been here for billions of years, and what they are are single-celled microscopic organisms.
它们已经存在数十亿年了 它们是单细胞微生物
3.So they are one cell and they have this special property that they only have one piece of DNA.
它们特征是只有一个细胞 还有就是它们只有一份DNA
4.They have very few genes, and genetic information to encode all of the traits that they carry out.
它们只有少量基因, 和遗传信息来编码它们表达的特性。
5.And the way bacteria make a living is that they consume nutrients from the environment, they grow to twice their size, they cut themselves down in the middle,
细菌生存的方法 是不断从环境中吸取养分? 在成长到两倍的体积后，它们从中一分为二
6.and one cell becomes two, and so on and so on.
分裂为两个细胞，如此循环
7.They just grow and divide, and grow and divide -- so a kind of boring life, except that what I would argue is that you have an amazing interaction with these critters.
它们不停得生长、分裂，然后再生长、再分裂—过着有点乏味的生活。 但是，今天我想告诉你 你与这些细菌有着惊人的互动关系
8.I know you guys think of yourself as humans, and this is sort of how I think of you.
我知道你认为你自己是人类，而这可能也是我如何看你们的
9.This man is supposed to represent a generic human being, and all of the circles in that man are all of the cells that make up your body.
在这里的是 一个一般人类的代表 在他身上所有的圆圈代表着各个组成人体的细胞
10.There is about a trillion human cells that make each one of us who we are and able to do all the things that we do, but you have 10 trillion bacterial cells
每个人体大约是由一兆个人体细胞所组成 它们让我们能完成各种各样我们想做的事情 但是，你一生中的每时每刻，
11.in you or on you at any moment in your life.
有大约十兆个细菌细胞生活在你的体内体表。
12.So, 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells on a human being.
所以，有十倍于人体细胞的细菌细胞 生活在一个人身上
13.And of course it's the DNA that counts, so here's all the A, T, Gs and Cs that make up your genetic code, and give you all your charming characteristics.
同理, 我们要算一下DNA 这是所有的 A, T, G 和 C (腺嘌呤, 胸腺嘧啶, 鸟嘌呤, 胞嘧啶) 组成你的基因密码, 赋予你所有的魅力特征.
14.You have about 30,000 genes.
你有3万左右的遗传基因,
15.Well it turns out you have 100 times more bacterial genes playing a role in you or on you all of your life.
而围绕你的细菌的遗传基因数量是你自己的100倍 它们在你的身体内部和表面上中始终扮演着重要的角色。
16.At the best, you're 10 percent human, but more likely about one percent human, depending on which of these metrics you like.
最乐观的看法是: 你只是"10分之1人", 事实上"100分之一人"更准确， 取决于你更喜欢用哪个尺度来衡量.
17.I know you think of yourself as human beings, but I think of you as 90 or 99 percent bacterial.
我知道你自认为是一个"人类", 但在我眼里你是90%~99%的细菌.
18.(Laughter) These bacteria are not passive riders, these are incredibly important, they keep us alive.
  (笑) 这些细菌不是顺从的乘客, 他们难以置信得重要, 他们让我们活着.
19.They cover us in an invisible body armor that keeps environmental insults out so that we stay healthy.
它们是我们身上的无形盔甲 阻断来之环境的伤害 保持我们的健康.
20.They digest our food, they make our vitamins, they actually educate your immune system to keep bad microbes out.
它们消化食物, 制造维他命, 它们还指导你的免疫系统 将有害微生物阻挡在体外。
21.So they do all these amazing things that help us and are vital for keeping us alive, and they never get any press for that.
它们尽心尽职干活 帮助我们，维护我们的生命。 却从没有因此得到过报道.
22.But they get a lot of press because they do a lot of terrible things as well.
反而却因为它们同时做的许多 坏事而时常见报。
23.So, there's all kinds of bacteria on the Earth that have no business being in you or on you at any time, and if they are, they make you incredibly sick.
地球上有无数种细菌 它们有些在任何时候都绝对不应该出现在你的体内体表， 然而假如你不幸遇到了, 那你一定会病得很厉害。
24.And so, the question for my lab is whether you want to think about  all the good things that bacteria do, or all the bad things that bacteria do.
所以, 我们实验室研究的问题是, 正是你想知道的 细菌做的所有好事或者细菌做的所有坏事。
25.The question we had is how could they do anything at all?
我们曾经提出一个疑问: 它们究竟是怎么做到的?
26.I mean they're incredibly small, you have to have a microscope to see one.
我指的是, 它们是那么细微, 用显微镜才能看到一个。
27.They live this sort of boring life where they grow and divide, and they've always been considered to be these asocial reclusive organisms.
它们的生活好像只是单调乏味的成长与分裂， 而且长久以来被认为是不善社交的隐居生命体。
28.And so it seemed to us that they are just too small to have an impact on the environment if they simply act as individuals.
所以在我们看来, 它们实在是太渺小， 如果单枪匹马 根本到无法对环境产生任何影响。
29.And so we wanted to think if there couldn't be a different way that bacteria live.
所以我们正在探讨 细菌是不是有着特殊的生存方式。
30.The clue to this came from another marine bacterium, and it's a bacterium called Vibrio fischeri.
解答这个问题的线索 来自一种叫做费氏弧菌的海洋细菌。
****************************************************************
本文来源于[育能软件]   更多更全，请登录NengSoft.com
****************************************************************
31.What you're looking at on this slide is just a person from my lab holding a flask of a liquid culture of a bacterium, a harmless beautiful bacterium that comes from the ocean,
你们在这张幻灯看到的，是我实验室的一个工作人员 握着一瓶装满这种细菌的培养液， 这是一种来自海洋的，美丽而且无害的细菌：
32.named Vibrio fischeri.
  "费氏弧菌".
33.This bacterium has the special property that it makes light, so it makes bioluminescence, like fireflies make light.
这种细菌的特性是会发光， 产生生物荧光, 像萤火虫一样。
34.We're not doing anything to the cells here.