comm3083 定量研究要素与抽样核心

comm3083 定量研究要素与抽样核心

17分钟 ·
播放数2
·
评论数0

Sampling & Power Analysis 终极背诵版

1. 基本概念

• Population:总体

• Sample:样本

• Sampling unit:抽样单元

• Parameter(总体):N, μ, σ

• Statistic(样本):n, mean, SD

2. Probability Sampling 概率抽样

(可推论总体 generalizable)

1. Simple Random Sampling 简单随机:等概率

2. Systematic Sampling 系统抽样:随机起点 + 固定间隔

3. Stratified Sampling 分层抽样:先分层,再每层抽样

4. Cluster Sampling 整群抽样:先分群,再抽群

5. Multistage Sampling 多阶段抽样:两种以上结合

Non-probability Sampling 非概率抽样

(不可推论总体 NOT generalizable)

1. Convenience 方便抽样

2. Purposive / Judgment 判断/目的抽样

3. Quota 配额抽样

3. Sampling Bias 抽样偏差

(systematic difference → low external validity)

• Coverage bias:覆盖偏差,抽样框不全

• Non-response bias:无回应偏差

• Self-selection bias:自选择偏差

• Survivorship / Healthy User bias:幸存者偏差

• Under/over-coverage:覆盖不足/过度

4. Power Analysis 功效分析

• Power = 1 – β

• α:Type I error 假阳性

• β:Type II error 假阴性

影响功效的4个因素:

• Effect size 效应量

• Sample size 样本量

• α level

• Statistical test

效应量指标:

• r(相关), d(均值差), f/η²/R²(回归/ANOVA)

样本量经验法则(r):

• Small (r=0.20): n ≥ 300

• Medium (r=0.50): n = 60–100

• Large (r=0.80): n ≥ 30

5. Sampling Decision Steps 六步

1. Define target population

2. Select sampling frame

3. Choose sampling method

4. Determine sample size

5. Collect data

6. Evaluate response rate

6. 批判题万能句式(直接套)

• This is non-probability sampling, so findings cannot be generalized.

• There is self-selection / coverage bias, which threatens external validity.

• Sample size may be insufficient to achieve adequate statistical power.

• The sampling frame is incomplete, leading to under-coverage.