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家庭真相!别再被“标准”PUA
从群婚到一夫一妻,背后藏着…?
性别不是天生的?
bla是中国性别平等的粗暴加速器
人类搭伙过日子迷惑图鉴
feminism:从起源到多元,打破偏见的性别平等之路
GFM:从起源到现代的演变
convergent SMJ(social media journalism)
15分钟看懂社会科学中的女性主义
表征——媒介、文化工业与我们的感知世界
rl2-lecture 2-新闻到特稿的写作光谱
Convergent lecture 3
comm3083 定量研究要素与抽样核心Sampling & Power Analysis 终极背诵版 1. 基本概念 • Population:总体 • Sample:样本 • Sampling unit:抽样单元 • Parameter(总体):N, μ, σ • Statistic(样本):n, mean, SD 2. Probability Sampling 概率抽样 (可推论总体 generalizable) 1. Simple Random Sampling 简单随机:等概率 2. Systematic Sampling 系统抽样:随机起点 + 固定间隔 3. Stratified Sampling 分层抽样:先分层,再每层抽样 4. Cluster Sampling 整群抽样:先分群,再抽群 5. Multistage Sampling 多阶段抽样:两种以上结合 Non-probability Sampling 非概率抽样 (不可推论总体 NOT generalizable) 1. Convenience 方便抽样 2. Purposive / Judgment 判断/目的抽样 3. Quota 配额抽样 3. Sampling Bias 抽样偏差 (systematic difference → low external validity) • Coverage bias:覆盖偏差,抽样框不全 • Non-response bias:无回应偏差 • Self-selection bias:自选择偏差 • Survivorship / Healthy User bias:幸存者偏差 • Under/over-coverage:覆盖不足/过度 4. Power Analysis 功效分析 • Power = 1 – β • α:Type I error 假阳性 • β:Type II error 假阴性 影响功效的4个因素: • Effect size 效应量 • Sample size 样本量 • α level • Statistical test 效应量指标: • r(相关), d(均值差), f/η²/R²(回归/ANOVA) 样本量经验法则(r): • Small (r=0.20): n ≥ 300 • Medium (r=0.50): n = 60–100 • Large (r=0.80): n ≥ 30 5. Sampling Decision Steps 六步 1. Define target population 2. Select sampling frame 3. Choose sampling method 4. Determine sample size 5. Collect data 6. Evaluate response rate 6. 批判题万能句式(直接套) • This is non-probability sampling, so findings cannot be generalized. • There is self-selection / coverage bias, which threatens external validity. • Sample size may be insufficient to achieve adequate statistical power. • The sampling frame is incomplete, leading to under-coverage.
comm3083 定量研究