JADES-GS-z14-0: Earliest and most distant galaxy ever observed It's just a faint red smudge, but the detectors on the James Webb Telescope are in no doubt that this galaxy, a large collection of stars, is at a prodigious distance. 该星系看上去只是一团不清晰的红色印迹，但是詹姆斯·韦伯望远镜上的探测器确信该星系由一大群恒星组成，距离我们异常遥远。 Astronomers say the observatory is seeing the object when the Universe was less than 300 million years old. Put another way, if the cosmos is 13.8 billion years old, James Webb is seeing the galaxy when the Universe was only 2% of its current age. 天文学家们表示，现在通过天文观测台观测到的这个天体的形态不会晚于宇宙诞生后 3 亿年。换句话说，如果宇宙的年龄是 138 亿岁，詹姆斯·韦伯望远镜看到的是宇宙只有当前年龄的 2% 时该星系的模样。 The most interesting aspect of the discovery is not the great distance, however, it's the galaxy's large size and brightness. 但这次发现中最引人注目的部分并不是该星系离我们超乎寻常的距离，而是它的巨大体积跟亮度。 Researchers are struggling to explain the presence of so mature an object, so early in the nascent universe. 研究者们仍难以解释为何如此成熟的天体会在新生宇宙的早期阶段存在。 When space agencies spent 10 billion dollars developing James Webb, they promised it would do remarkable things. Two years into operations, that enormous investment is starting to pay back. 当航天机构花费掉 100 亿美元开发詹姆斯·韦伯望远镜时，他们承诺它会有非凡的表现。望远镜投入使用两年以后，这项巨额投资开始获得回报。 词汇表 smudge 模糊的印迹、污痕 detector 探测器 prodigious 异常的，不寻常的 observatory 天文观测台 the cosmos 宇宙 nascent 新生的，刚开始发展的 remarkable 非凡的，引人注目的 operation 运行，工作 🌟 更多英语听力见公众号【琐简】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Is there a friend for life? Who do you count as your friends? From our BFF to a work mate, it's good to have someone to chew the fat with or offer comfort and support. But when it comes to friendship, is it more important to have quantity or quality? 谁是你的朋友？从我们最好的朋友到工作伙伴，有人可以闲聊或提供安慰和支持是很好的。但是对于友谊来说，是数量更重要还是质量更重要呢? The recent isolation we have endured due to the coronavirus pandemic has made some of us question our friendships. We've fallen out of touch with friends and acquaintances, and it may feel awkward, but do we actually have to rekindle every relationship we once had? It might be time to take stock and think about who you kept in touch with, who you missed talking to, and who you didn't. In short, maybe it's time to reset your list of real mates. 由于最近冠状病毒大流行导致的隔离，我们中的一些人开始质疑我们的友谊。我们与朋友和熟人失去了联系，这可能会让人感到尴尬，但我们真的需要重新点燃我们曾经拥有的每一段关系吗？也许是时候反思一下，思考你与谁保持了联系，你想念与谁交谈，以及你忽略了与谁交谈。简而言之，也许是时候重新审视你的真正朋友名单了。 There's no obligation to stay friends, and writing for BBC Worklife, Bryan Lufkin says: "While people have known for years that friendships are unquestionably good for your health, experts say it's only natural for acquaintances and even friends to fall by the wayside as time goes on – and it's nothing to feel guilty about." 我们没有保持朋友关系的义务，布莱恩·卢夫金在BBC《工作生活》上写道:“虽然人们多年前就知道友谊无疑对健康有好处，但专家们表示，随着时间的推移，熟人甚至朋友都不再熟络是很自然的事情，没什么好内疚的。” Of course, it can be hard to choose who's in your friendship circle. This is what Suzanne Degges-White, professor of counselling at Northern Illinois University, calls our ‘friendscape'. She says, "in life, as we go through certain stages and ages, our attention shifts, and we want to be around people who are like us." 当然，选择谁在你的交友圈是很难的。这就是北伊利诺伊大学心理咨询教授苏珊娜·德格斯-怀特所说的“朋友圈”。她说:“在生活中，随着我们经历特定的阶段和年龄，我们的注意力会发生转移，我们希望身边的人和我们一样。” So, changing friends is normal, but we still need those special pals who've known us long term. These are friendships we invest time in. According to Robin Dunbar, a professor of evolutionary psychology at the University of Oxford, these are your inner circle of friends – your "shoulders to cry on" – and you have to see them at least once a week to keep them in that circle. He adds that the friends that do drift are mostly "friendships of convenience". But the advice for maintaining a good friendship is to share how you feel with someone you trust – this can help strengthen your friendship as well as giving you both a chance to support each other. 所以，换朋友是正常的，但是我们仍然需要那些认识我们很久的特别的朋友。这些是我们投入时间的友谊。根据牛津大学进化心理学教授罗宾·邓巴的说法，这些是你的核心朋友圈——你的“哭泣肩膀”——你必须每周至少见他们一次，才能让他们留在那个圈子里。他补充说，那些疏远的朋友大多是“便利友谊”。但是，保持良好友谊的建议是，与你信任的人分享你的感受，这有助于巩固你们的友谊，也给你们双方一个相互支持的机会。 词汇表 BFF (best friend forever) 最好的朋友 work mate 同事，工友 chew the fat 闲聊 comfort 安慰 friendship 友谊 out of touch 不常联系，疏远 acquaintance 泛泛之交，相识的人 rekindle 重新燃起（一段关系、感情） relationship 关系 take stock 反思，仔细考虑 mate 伙伴，朋友 fall by the wayside 中途放弃，不再熟络 friendship circle 交友圈 friendscape 朋友圈 pal 好友 inner circle 核心（朋友）圈 a shoulder to cry on 可以倾诉的对象 drift 渐渐疏远 friendship of convenience 便利友谊，由于便利而结成的友谊 strengthen 增强，巩固 🌟 更多英语听力见公众号【琐简】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Crowd Psychology: Unity and Chaos There was a huge crowd of people waiting at the train station this morning, Neil. When the train finally arrived, everyone rushed in and I couldn't find a seat! I hate crowds!-- But you love going to the football match on Saturday.--Ah, that's different –more like a big group of friends. Well, whether it's sporting events, train stations or political protests, crowds – that's large groups of people who gather together for a shared activity, are a feature of life. For some, crowds create feelings of excitement and a sense of community, while for others they feel uncomfortable, confusing, or even dangerous. So why is that? In this programme, we'll be discussing the role of crowds in modern life, asking why they evoke different reactions in people. And, as usual, we'll be learning some new vocabulary as well. But first, I have a question for you, Neil. The biggest crowd in history happened in 2019 when over 200 million people gathered in the northern Indian city of Allahabad. But what did so many people come together for? Was it: a) a cricket match, b) a religious festival or c) an election? --Well, I know Indians love cricket, but I doubt 200 million people would fit into a stadium! So I'll guess it's c) an election. --OK, Neil. We'll find out the answer later in the programme. People gathering for a cricket match, or a music concert are usually happy events. But crowds can have a darker side as well – they can become out of control and sometimes even violent. Here's, psychologist, Professor John Drury, discussing this idea with, Anand Jagatia, presenter of the BBC World Service programme, appropriately named, CrowdScience. When people get together in a crowd, they regress psychologically, their thinking is more primitive, they become more gullible, and that's also associated with the supposed tendency towards violence as well. But according to John, the idea of mob mentality, that people in crowds are irrational and prone to destructive behaviour, just isn't backed up by research. One view is that when people get together in a crowd, they become irrational. Psychologically speaking they regress – they return to a less advanced, more primitive way of behaving. They may also become more gullible, an adjective meaning easily tricked or willing to believe everything someone says. Connected to this is the phrase mob mentality - the tendency of people in a group to behave in the same way as others in the group rather than as individuals. In crowds, people may do things they would never do alone, like steal or use violence. But according to Professor Drury, in reality it's not mob mentality and violence, but rather feelings of safety and togetherness that actually characterise crowds. And according to Dr Anne Templeton, another expert on crowd psychology from the University of Edinburgh, that's especially true when you identify with the other people in a crowd. Here is Dr Templeton explaining more to BBC World Service programme, CrowdScience. The more people feel like they are part of a group with others in the crowd, the more enjoyable experience they have. There's a correlation between having that social identification and feeling safer. So often if we feel like we are in a group with others, we expect them to look after us. The flip side of that is when you don't feel as much part of the group, and you're not having a positive experience. Dr Templeton thinks there is a correlation – that's a connection, or a link – between being among people who share your values, and feeling safe. Football fans cheer their team on by wearing the same colours, and singing the same songs, and this works as a kind of glue, bonding the crowd together and making them feel safe. The disadvantage of this, however, is when you don't feel part of the crowd you're with. Dr Templeton calls this the flip side - the opposite, less good or less pleasant aspects of something. In today's world, crowds are important because of the feeling of power they give us. It's one thing sitting alone shouting at the news on television, but it's something else altogether to march on a political protest with hundreds of demonstrators, feeling that together you could change the world. Maybe that's what everyone was doing in 2019, Sam? Right, in my quiz question I asked you why 200 million people gathered in the Indian city of Allahabad in 2019. --I guessed it was to vote in an election. Was I right? --You were wrong, I'm afraid, Neil! In fact, the biggest crowd in history had gathered for a Hindu religious festival, the Kumbh Mela, which 220 million people attended over fifty days. 🌟 字数限制，完整文本和翻译见公众号【琐简】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

What if all humans on Earth disappeared? | BBC Ideas Here's a thought experiment. Every single human on the planet has gone. We don't know how - that doesn't matter. What we'd like to know is what happens next? What would a world without humans be like? 这是一个思想实验。地球上的每一个人都消失了。我们不知道为何如此——但那不重要。我们想知道的是接下来会发生什么？没有人类的世界会是什么样子? Within days, the electricity grid fails as fuel supplies run out and there's nobody to override the powerstation's failsafe mechanisms. Within a week the subways we've built under the water table flood. The 47 million litres of water that was pumped out of the London Underground every day inundates tunnels. Without heating or air conditioning mould flourishes on moist surfaces in homes and offices and ice bursts pipes. Within weeks, plants begin to take over buildings as the strongest species compete for space. No-one's there to cut them back. 没过几天，由于燃料供应耗尽，电网瘫痪，而又没有人能够操作发电站的故障安全机制。一周之内，我们建在地下水位下的地铁将被淹没。每天从伦敦地铁抽出的4700万升水淹没了隧道。在没有暖气或空调的情况下，霉菌在家庭和办公室潮湿的表面滋生，水管结冰爆裂。几周之内，植物开始占据建筑物，因为最强壮的物种在争夺空间。没有人去阻止它们。 Fast forward in time. The lines between city and countryside are blurred. Windows fall out of rotten frames and wildlife recolonises towns. Farmland is blanketed by scrub and then trees, and scattered on the surface are the things that will never degrade. Metals corrode. Plastics start to break down and disperse. But stainless steel pans, stranded granite work tops and billions of car tyres remain. 时光加快推进。城市和乡村的界限变得模糊。窗户从腐烂的框架中脱落，野生动物重新占领城镇。农田被灌木丛和树木覆盖，地表散落着永不会自然分解的东西。金属开始腐蚀。塑料开始分解、消散。但不锈钢平底锅、搁浅的花岗岩台面和数十亿个汽车轮胎依然存在。 Nuclear facilities fail as their fabric degrades. Some explode, irradiating the local ecosystem and causing many animals to die. The radiation leads to mutations in others creating new evolutionary lines. Meanwhile, the tiniest of plants are stubbornly breaking up even the motorways. 随着结构的退化，核设施将失效。一些核设施会爆炸，辐照当地的生态系统，导致许多动物死亡。辐射会导致其他物种发生突变，从而产生新的进化系。与此同时，最微小的植物也在顽强地破坏着高速公路。 Mosquitos are having a great time. They've lost their enemy in us but they've moved on to other animals. And they're busy pollinating plants as they love nectar as well as blood. Endangered animals have a chance and space to multiply again. Lions and elephants could even reach Europe, the strongest swimming across the Suez Canal. 蚊子们过得很愉快。它们失去了我们这个敌人，但它们已经转向其他动物。它们忙着为植物授粉，因为它们既喜欢花蜜，也喜欢鲜血。濒危动物有了再次繁衍的机会和空间，狮子和大象甚至可以到达欧洲 ，最强壮的可以游过苏伊士运河。 Massive whirlpool islands of plastic carry on spinning in our oceans. Each piece of plastic is ground down until microscopic grains of it are everywhere. Bacteria may evolve to digest plastic, but this will take millions of years. Could the Earth ever recover? Atmospheric carbon dioxide is absorbed by the vegetation that carpets the land. Global temperatures and sea levels begin to fall. As chemical pollutants break down and sink into the earth, rivers become cleaner. Animals and plants flourish. Is this a new Eden? Perhaps. 巨大的塑料漩涡岛在我们的海洋中不断旋转。每一块塑料都被磨碎，直到微小的颗粒随处可见。细菌可能会进化出消化塑料的能力，但这需要数百万年的时间。地球还能恢复吗？大气中的二氧化碳被陆地上的植被吸收。全球气温和海平面开始下降。随着化学污染物分解并沉入地下，河流变得更加清洁。动物和植物蓬勃生长。这是新伊甸园吗？也许吧。 The Earth is a breathing organism that has lived with us for a fraction of its life. Our human ingenuity has led to extraordinary changes to the world. The planet would survive, indeed thrive, without us. But it would never be able to forget us. We'd have left our mark. 地球是一个会呼吸的有机体，它与我们共存的时间只占它生命的一小部分。人类的智慧给世界带来了非凡的变化。没有我们，地球也能生存，甚至茁壮成长。但它永远无法忘记我们。我们已经留下了我们的印记。 词汇表 electricity grid 供电系统，电网 fuel supply 燃料供应 override （尤指为改变运作方式而）操控，控制 powerstation 电站，发电厂 failsafe mechanism 故障安全机制（一种设计用于在系统出现故障时自动保护系统的机制） water table 地下水面，潜水面 litre （度量单位）升 pump out 抽出，排出 inundate 泛滥，淹没 mould 霉，霉菌 moist 潮湿的，湿润的 fast forward 快进 blurred 模糊的，难以区分的 recolonise （动植物）回迁，重新占领 blanket / carpet 覆盖，笼罩 scrub 矮树丛，灌木丛 degrade 降解，自然分解 corrode 腐蚀，侵蚀 disperse 扩散，分散 stainless steel pan 不锈钢平底锅 granite work top 花岗岩台面 tyre 轮胎 fabric 结构，构造 irradiate 辐射 mutation 变异，突变 evolutionary line 进化线，演化路径 motorway 高速公路 pollinate plant 给植物授粉 nectar 花蜜，甘露 multiply 繁殖，增生 Suez Canal 苏伊士运河 whirlpool 漩涡，涡流 grind 碾碎，磨碎 microscopic grain 微观颗粒 atmospheric 大气层的 vegetation 植物，植被 Eden 伊甸园，乐土 a fraction of 一小部分 ingenuity 聪明才智，创造力 🌟 视频版见公众号【琐简】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

The Fish That Hunts Pigeons Planet Earth II | BBC Earth Losing its fear of humans has enabled one animal to spread into cities everywhere and in huge numbers. Pigeons are by far the most successful urban bird. 失去对人类的恐惧，使一种动物能够大量地扩散到世界各地的城市。鸽子是迄今为止最成功的城市鸟类。 Here in Albi, in the south of France, the pigeons come to the river to bathe. They need to preen their flight feathers, clean off the city dust and cool themselves down. 在法国南部的阿尔比，鸽子们来到河边沐浴。它们需要梳理自己的飞行羽毛，洗去城市的灰尘，给自己降降温。 But death lies in wait. A predator that has taken advantage of the very thing that has led to the pigeon's success, their lack of fear. As the pigeons bathe, oil from their plumage flows downstream and is detected. 但是死亡正潜伏着。一种捕食者充分利用了鸽子成功之处——它们的无畏。当鸽子沐浴时，它们羽毛上的油流向下游，并被捕食者察觉。 A monstrous wels catfish. Introduced here just forty years ago, they have proliferated, virtually exterminated the local fish stocks, and they've now developed a taste for pigeon. 一条巨大的欧洲鲶鱼。四十年前它们才被引入这里，现在已经大量繁殖，几乎消灭了当地的鱼类种群，现在它们开始喜欢吃鸽子了。 Their eyesight is poor, so they use their barbels to sense the movements of their victims. This is a radical new hunting strategy for what is normally a bottom-dwelling fish. 由于视力不佳，它们依赖触须来感知猎物的动向。对于通常栖息水底的鱼来说，这是一种全新的狩猎策略。 After a thousand years of living in this city, pigeons are now having to learn to avoid a fish. 在这座城市生活了千年之后，鸽子现在不得不学会避开一条鱼。 词汇表 pigeon 鸽子 Albi 阿尔比（法国南部城市） bathe 用水清洗（身体部位）；（到海、河等中）游泳，沐浴 preen （鸟）用喙整理羽毛 clean off the dust 清除灰尘 lie in wait 等待，埋伏着 predator 捕食者，掠夺者 take advantage of 充分利用 plumage （鸟的）羽毛 downstream 顺流地，向下游地 detect 察觉，识别 monstrous 巨大的，可怕的 wels catfish 欧鲶，六须鲶，欧洲巨鲶（欧洲最大的淡水鱼类之一） proliferate 迅速繁殖，激增 exterminate 消灭，灭绝，根除 develop a taste for 逐渐对某物产生喜好或兴趣 barbel (鱼类唇边的)触须 sense the movement 感知动向 radical 全新的，完全的 bottom-dwelling 栖息水底的；底栖生物 🌟 视频版见公众号【琐简】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Glow-worms under threat due to light pollution from streetlights Glow-worms are beetles that live in gardens, hedgerows, and heathlands. Emitting a bright green light at night, the females climb up plant stems and glow in order to attract males, who have large eyes sensitive to that type of light. Zoologists, though, say the glare of white, artificial lights is putting the females in the comparative shade. 萤火虫是一种生活在花园、灌木树篱和荒野中的甲虫。在夜间发出明亮绿光的雌性萤火虫爬到植物的茎上并发光，以吸引对这种光敏感的大眼睛的雄性。然而，动物学家们表示，刺眼的白色人造光使雌性萤火虫黯然失色。 In order to verify their suspicions, the researchers did a little test – placing male glow-worms in an LED-lit, Y-shaped maze, they gradually made the lights there brighter until the males could no longer find a decoy female. The glow-worms, they believe, were unable to move towards the decoy because they were dazzled. 为了验证他们的猜测，研究人员们做了一个小型试验——将雄性萤火虫放在一个由发光二极管照明的 “Y” 形迷宫中，他们逐渐调亮迷宫里的人造光，直到雄性萤火虫再也找不到发光吸引它们的雌性萤火虫。研究人员们认为，雄性萤火虫之所以无法向起吸引作用的雄性萤火虫移动是因为它们被刺眼的人造光照得眼花缭乱。 The spread of bright lights, then, could have devastating consequences for glow-worm populations around the world. And some studies suggest they're disappearing altogether. And a widespread decline in insects could have serious consequences for agriculture and the ecosystems that depend upon those insects. 那么，愈发常见的明亮人造光可能会对世界各地的萤火虫种群造成毁灭性的后果。有一些研究表明，萤火虫正在成群消失。而昆虫数量的普遍减少可能会对依赖昆虫的农业及生态系统造成严重的后果。 词汇表 glow-worms 萤火虫 beetles 甲虫 hedgerows 灌木树篱 heathlands 荒原，荒野 emitting 发出，散发（光） stems （植物的）茎 glare 刺眼的光芒 put someone in the shade 使某人黯然失色，使某人相形见绌 maze 迷宫 decoy 吸引物，诱惑物 dazzled 被照得眼花缭乱的 widespread 普遍的，广泛的 🌟 更多英语听力见公众号【琐简】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

What is social jet lag? From Monday to Friday, many of us have an early start and a long day. By the time we've gone to bed and managed to fall asleep, we've been woken up by the alarm to do it all again. Come the weekend, and we're totally exhausted. We sleep in way past our usual wake-up time just to stay in sync enough to start again on Monday. 从周一到周五，我们许多人都早早起床，忙碌一整天。等到我们上床睡觉并好不容易入睡时，又被闹钟叫醒，开始新的一天。到了周末，我们彻底筋疲力尽。我们睡到比平时起床时间晚得多，只是为了保持同步，好在周一时有足够的精力重新开始。 Welcome to social jet lag. That's the term for the disparity between our working-week sleeping pattern, when our sleep times relate to our responsibilities, and the weekend, when we can wake when we choose. And depending on what type of person you are, the difference can be significant. 欢迎来到社交时差。这是指我们的工作周睡眠模式（当我们的睡眠时间与我们的职责相关时）和周末睡眠模式（当我们可以选择何时醒来时）之间的差异。这种差异可能很大，它取决于你是哪种类型的人。 For night owls - those whose natural rhythm is to wake and go to bed later - there can be significant health-related issues, according to a recent study published by Taylor and Francis Group online. The study concludes the further the divergence between working-week and weekend sleep times, the greater the health issues – including a higher risk of heart disease and other metabolic problems. And because so many jobs and tasks start early, night owls are effectively forced into harmonising with the early birds. 泰勒和弗朗西斯集团最近在网上发表的一项研究表明，对于夜猫子来说（他们的自然节奏是晚睡晚起），可能会有重大的健康问题。该研究得出的结论是，工作周和周末的睡眠时间差距越大，健康问题就越严重——包括增加患心脏病和其他代谢问题的风险。因为很多工作和任务都是很早就开始的，夜猫子实际上被迫与早起的鸟儿协调一致。 So what can night owls do: force themselves to integrate by sacrificing their lie in? 'It's the worst thing you can do' says Professor Till Roenneberg, professor of chronobiology at the Institute of Medical Psychology at Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich. This is because people's sleep pattern is half determined by genetics. The other half correlates with their age and environment. Getting less sleep is unlikely to realign your genetic tendencies. 那么夜猫子们能做什么：通过牺牲他们的睡眠来迫使自己融入社会吗？慕尼黑路德维希-马克西米利安大学医学心理学研究所的时间生物学教授蒂尔·罗恩伯格说:“这是你能做的最糟糕的事情。”。这是因为人的睡眠模式有一半是由基因决定的。另一半与他们的年龄和环境有关。睡眠不足不太可能重新调整你的遗传倾向。 Our bodies evolved to coordinate with the rise and fall of the Sun. We should feel sleepy as the light dissipates. But modern life, with its artificial light and modern devices, such as computers and smartphones, means we have deviated. Now we are exposed to more light for longer periods of time, keeping our bodies awake longer. For night owls, who already tend to sleep later, this delays things even further. 我们的身体进化得与太阳的起落相协调。当光线散去时，我们应该感到困倦。但现代生活中的人造光和现代设备，如电脑和智能手机，意味着我们已经偏离了这一规律。现在，我们暴露在更多光线下的时间更长，让我们的身体保持清醒的时间也更长。对于本来就睡得比较晚的夜猫子来说，这就进一步推迟了他们的睡眠时间。 One solution, beyond changing society's early-start tendencies, is to reorient our body clock by manipulating our exposure to light By taking more sunlight in the morning and minimising the amount of artificial light we are exposed to in the evening – particularly on electronic devices - we can rebalance our bodies to feel sleepy earlier. It's far from easy, but better that than losing your whole weekend to sleep. 除了改变社会的早起倾向，还有一个解决方案，那就是通过调整我们暴露在阳光下的时间来重新调整我们的生物钟。通过在早上吸收更多的阳光，在晚上尽量减少我们暴露在人工光线下的时间——尤其是在电子设备上——我们可以重新平衡我们的身体，使我们更早地感到困倦。这绝非易事，但总比整个周末都睡不着好。 词汇表 in sync 同步的，协调一致 social jet lag 社交时差， 假后返工时差，社会性时差（一个人在工作日和休息日睡眠时间之间的时间差异） disparity 差异，不一致 sleeping pattern 睡眠模式，睡眠习惯 night owl 夜猫子（晚上熬夜的人） natural rhythm 自然节奏（指人体内在的生物钟和生理节律） divergence 差异 metabolic 新陈代谢的 harmonise 和…保持一致，协调 early bird 早起者，早到者 integrate 融入（某群体） correlate 与…相关，相互关联 realign 重新排列，改组 dissipate （使）消散，散去 deviate 违背规则，偏离 reorient 重新适应，再调整 rebalance 再平衡 🌟 更多英语听力见公众号【琐简】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Culture Book review 文化板块 书评 The politics of Hollywood Anatomy of a cancellation 好莱坞的政治 撤销的解析 Charlie Chaplin vs America. By Scott Eyman. 《查理·卓别林 VS 美国》斯科特·艾曼著 In today's culture wars, Hollywood has a starring role. Films tend to trigger debates about America's history and values. That has long been the case, as a new book, "Charlie Chaplin vs America", shows. Chaplin, a British citizen, was harassed by the American government, culminating in the revocation of a re-entry permit in 1952. It is a sobering account of cancel culture in action. Indeed, it makes some of the current spats seem toothless by comparison. 在当今的文化战争中，好莱坞是主角。电影往往会引发有关美国历史和价值观的争论。正如一本新书《查理·卓别林vs美国》所述，这种情况一直存在。卓别林是英国公民，曾受到美国政府的侵扰，最终于1952年被撤销了再入境许可。书中对撤销文化的描述令人警醒。事实上，相比之下，它让当前的一些争吵显得无足轻重。 "I don't want to create revolution," Chaplin said. "I just want to create a few more pictures." But the FBI, suspecting Chaplin of communist sympathies, started surveilling the film-maker in 1922. In a paranoid climate, many looked for evidence of Marxism. Those convinced Chaplin was "red" pointed to his screen persona, the Tramp, an embodiment of the beleaguered everyman. They perceived it, too, in "Modern Times" (1936), a dramatisation of workers' plight due to unemployment and automation, and in "The Great Dictator" (1940), which called out America's isolationism. Officials did not take kindly to Chaplin speaking out about politics, especially when he called for a second front in the war to alleviate pressure on Russia. Some took umbrage that Chaplin made his fortune in America and deigned to comment on its policies but refused to become a citizen. None of this was illegal. But the FBI bedevilled him, using political groups and the press to whip up anti-Chaplin sentiment. The bureau fed journalists salacious titbits (which were not in short supply: the man was no stranger to a sex scandal). In the eyes of the public, he became "a louche degenerate with a propensity for young girls and communism", writes the author, Scott Eyman. When Chaplin set off to promote a movie in Europe, the attorney-general took his chance. The film-maker was blocked from returning under a provision that allowed people of questionable "morals, health or insanity" or those "advocating communism or associating with communist or pro-communist organisations" to be kept out. Chaplin was forced to give up his home and studio and move to Switzerland, where the quality of his work suffered. By the time he was exiled from America, the intelligence file had swelled to nearly 2,000 pages. It contained no proof of party ties. Instead, it was filled with "hearsay, rumour [and] bountiful examples of guilt by association". Readers will be shocked by how Chaplin was hounded with so little cause. The author convincingly argues that the auteur was "the most prominent victim of the Red Scare" and paints a portrait of a time when freedom of speech was even more embattled than it is today. 🌟 因存在违规字符，翻译见公众号【琐简】

The School Using Virtual Reality for Classroom Learning｜BBC Newsround As soon as we put the headsets on it just transports you to like a different world. I really like VR and how it lets us discover different places that we probably ain't discovered before. 一旦我们戴上头显，它就会把你带到一个不同的世界。我真的很喜欢虚拟现实，它让我们发现以前可能没有发现的不同地方。 Pupils at one primary school in Warwickshire are swimming with sharks, visiting the Egyptian pyramids and seeing Vincent van Gogh's famous paintings all without leaving their classrooms. It's thanks to virtual reality headsets which the school first started using during the coronavirus pandemic and they proved so successful that they've decided to keep them permanently. The technology has also helped the school children develop their English vocabulary as they have to describe what they've seen to their classmates. 沃里克郡一所小学的学生们不用离开教室就可以和鲨鱼一起游泳，参观埃及金字塔，欣赏文森特·梵高的名画。这要感谢学校在新冠肺炎疫情期间首次使用的虚拟现实头显，事实证明它们非常成功，所以学校决定永久保留它们。这项技术还帮助学校的孩子们发展他们的英语词汇，因为他们必须向同学描述他们所看到的。 (You're going to have a go at trying to draw what your partner told you they could see.) We're using the VRs to try and really get the children to look at the fine details and work move within the picture so they're able to really think about what it is that's there and be able to describe it in the best way that you can. (你将尝试画出你的同伴告诉你他们能看到的东西）。我们使用虚拟现实来让孩子们观察画面中的小细节，并在画面中移动，这样他们就能真正思考画面中的内容，并用最好的方式来描述它。 It's really fun because you can do a lot of stuff with it, you can do it with art, with ICT, you can do a lot of things with it. I like VR because say we can't go to Disneyland because it would be too expensive, on the VR we could go to that place. 它真的很有趣，因为你可以用它做很多事情，包括艺术、信息和通信技术，你可以用它做很多事情。我喜欢虚拟现实，因为我们因迪斯尼乐园太贵了而不能去，但在虚拟现实里我们可以去那里。 In fact, the school isn't unfamiliar with the idea of being transported to a different world. Reading is something that is very important to everyone at the school and as you walk around the building, each area is themed around a different book. (We have Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, we have The Wizard of Oz, currently at the moment we are standing in Diagon Alley from Harry Potter.) 事实上，学校对穿越到另一个世界的概念并不陌生。阅读对学校的每一个人来说都非常重要，当你在教学楼里漫步时，每个区域都以不同的书为主题。（我们有《查理和巧克力工厂》、《绿野仙踪》，现在我们正站在哈利·波特的对角巷）。 The schools say that the headsets have helped boost the pupils' performance in class and And they're looking forward to helping the children carry on learning through the technology. 学校表示，耳机已帮助学生提升了课堂表现，他们期待着帮助孩子们通过这项技术继续学习。 词汇表 headset 头戴式显示器，头显 transport 运送，使产生身临其境的感觉 virtual reality(VR) 虚拟现实 pupil 学生，小学生 Warwickshire 沃里克郡（英格兰郡名） Egyptian pyramids 埃及金字塔 Vincent van Gogh 文森特·梵高 coronavirus pandemic 新冠肺炎疫情期间 permanently 永久地，持久地 fine details 细微之处 ICT 信息与通信技术（information and communications technology） theme （休闲场所、活动）以……主题 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory 查理和巧克力工厂 The Wizard of Oz 绿野仙踪 Diagon Alley 对角巷（霍格沃茨魔法购买学习用品的地方） 🌟 视频版和更多听力见公众号【琐简】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】

Could chatbots replace human interaction? Now, I'm sure most of us have interacted with a chatbot. These are bits of computer technology that respond to text with text or respond to your voice. You ask it a question and it usually comes up with an answer! Yes, it's almost like talking to another human, but of course it's not – it's just a clever piece of technology. It is becoming more sophisticated – more advanced and complex, but could they replace real human interaction altogether? We'll discuss that more in a moment and find out if chatbots really think for themselves. But first I have a question for you, Rob. The first computer program that allowed some kind of plausible conversation between humans and machines was invented in 1966, but what was it called? Was it: a) ALEXA, b) ELIZA, or c) PARRY? --It's not Alexa – that's too new – so I'll guess c) PARRY.-- I'll reveal the answer at the end of the programme. Now, the old chatbots of the 1960s and 70s were quite basic, but more recently, the technology is able to predict the next word that is likely to be used in a sentence, and it learns words and sentence structures. It's clever stuff. I've experienced using them when talking to my bank - or when I have problems trying to book a ticket on a website. I no longer phone a human but I speak to a 'virtual assistant' instead. Probably the most well-known chatbot at the moment is ChatGTP. --It is. The claim is it's able to answer anything you ask it. This includes writing students' essays. This is something that was discussed on the BBC Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth. Emily M Bender, Professor of Computational Linguistics at the University of Washington, explained why it's dangerous to always trust what a chatbot is telling u: We tend to react to grammatical fluent coherent seeming text as authoritative and reliable and valuable - and we need to be on guard against that, because what's coming out of ChatGTP is none of that. So, Professor Bender says that well written text that is coherent – that means it's clear, carefully considered and sensible – makes us think what we are reading is reliable and authoritative. So it is respected, accurate and important sounding. Yes, chatbots might appear to write in this way, but really, they are just predicting one word after another, based on what they have learnt. We should, therefore, be on guard – be careful and alert about the accuracy of what we are being told. One concern is that chatbots – a form of artificial intelligence – work a bit like a human brain in the way it can learn and process information. They are able to learn from experience - something called deep learning. A cognitive psychologist and computer scientist called Geoffrey Hinton, recently said he feared that chatbots could soon overtake the level of information that a human brain holds. That's a bit scary isn't it? But for now, chatbots can be useful for practical information, but sometimes we start to believe they are human, and we interact with them in a human-like way. This can make us believe them even more. Professor Emma Bender, speaking on the BBC's Word of Mouth programme, explains why we might feel like that: I think what's going on there is the kinds of answers you get depend on the questions you put in, because it's doing likely next word, likely next word, and so if as the human interacting with the machine you start asking it questions about 'how do you feel, you know, Chatbot?' 'What do you think of this?' And 'what are your goals?' You can provoke it to say things that sound like what a sentient entity would say. We are really primed to imagine a mind behind language whenever we encounter language. And so, we really have to account for that when we're making decisions about these. So, although a chatbot might sound human, we really just ask it things to get a reaction – we provoke it – and it answers only with words it's learned to use before, not because it has come up with a clever answer. But it does sound like a sentient entity – sentient describes a living thing that experiences feelings. As Professor Bender says, we imagine that when something speaks there is a mind behind it. But sorry, Neil, they are not your friend, they are just machines! It's strange then that we sometimes give chatbots names. Alexa, Siri. And earlier I asked you what the name was for the first ever chatbot. And I guessed it was PARRY. Was I right? You guessed wrong, I'm afraid. PARRY was an early form of chatbot from 1972, but the correct answer was ELIZA. It was considered to be the first 'chatterbot' – as it was called then, and was developed by Joseph Weizenbaum at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Fascinating stuff. 🌟 字数限制，完整文本和翻译见公众号【琐简】，回复"1"可进【打卡交流群】👥

Why time seems to fly as you get older? | BBC Ideas When I was a child, I was about eight years old, and I went to climb on a house that was under construction in our neighbourhood. So I stepped up to the edge and I fell, and the fall seemed to take a very long time, so then I was looking down at the ground watching the red brick floor come towards me and once I hit the ground then I went unconscious but it got me interested in the question of - how we perceive time. 在我小时候，大约八岁时，我去爬我们邻居正在建造的房子。于是我走到了边缘，然后摔了下来，摔落的过程似乎持续了很长时间，我看着下方的地面，看着红砖地面向我逼近。我一落地就失去了知觉，但这让我对我们“如何感知时间”这个问题产生了兴趣。 When I grew up and I became a neuroscientist, what I realised was we all come into the world with this idea that time is just a river that's flowing forward in one direction at a fixed speed, but what we know is that it can be different in your head and in my head, because it's somehow a psychological construct, time. In other words, your brain is locked in silence and darkness inside the vault of your skull and its job is to figure out what's happening outside but it has to do a lot of editing tricks. 当我长大后成为一名神经科学家时，我意识到我们来到这个世界时都有这样一个想法：时间只是一条以固定速度朝一个方向流淌的河流，但我们知道的是，它在你的脑袋里和在我的脑袋里可能是不一样的，因为时间在某种程度上是一种心理建构。换言之，你的大脑被困在头骨内的寂静与黑暗之中，它的任务是解读外界的情况，但为此它不得不施展许多编辑技巧。 Your vision and your hearing process signals at different speeds and yet, when you see somethinhg like a balloon pop or somebody clapping their hands, it appears as though the sight and sound are synchronised. And what that means is the brain has to be collecting all the information before it puts together a final story and serves that up to your conscious perception. It's like there's a buffer where it looks for other signals coming up the pipeline and as a result it means that we're all living a little bit in the past. What we think is happening right now has actually already transpired some time ago, probably in the ballpark of about half a second ago. 你的视觉和听觉处理信号的速度不同，然而，当你看到气球爆炸或有人拍手时，似乎视觉和听觉是同步的。这意味着，大脑必须先收集所有信息，然后才能整合出一个最终的故事，并将其呈现给你的意识感知。就像有一个缓冲区，在寻找即将到达信息通道的其他信号，这意味着我们都有点活在过去。我们认为正在发生的事情实际上已经发生在大约半秒钟前。 In the lab if I show you a photograph for half a second on the screen and then I show you that same photograph again for half a second and then again and again and again. And now I show you a different photograph for the same amount of time, it will seem as though the new photograph, the oddball, stays on the screen for a much longer time. Essentially when the brain sees something that's novel, it has to burn more energy to represent it because it wasn't expecting that. This feeling that things are going in slow motion is a trick of memory. 在实验室里，如果我让你在屏幕上看一张照片半秒钟，然后再让你看同一张照片半秒钟，然后一遍又一遍。现在我再给你看一张不同的照片，时间相同，似乎新照片，也就是怪照片，在屏幕上停留的时间会更长。本质上，当大脑看到新奇的事物时，它需要消耗更多的能量来表征它，因为它没有预料到这一点。感觉时间变慢是一种记忆的错觉。 In other words, when you're in an emergency situation a part of the brain called the amygdala comes online, this is your emergency control centre, it lays down memories on what amounts to a secondary memory track, these are very dense memories. And you're noticing everything around you and writing it all down. So when the brain reads that back out, there's such a density of memory there, that the brain's only conclusion is that must have taken a long time. And I think this offers an explanation for why people think that time seems to speed up as they grow older. 换句话说，当你处于紧急情况时，大脑中被称为杏仁核的部分就会启动，这是你的紧急控制中心，它将记忆储存在相当于二级记忆轨道的地方，这些记忆非常密集。你会注意你周围的一切，并把它们都记录下来。所以当大脑读取这些信息时，那里的记忆密度很高，大脑得出的唯一结论就是这肯定花了很长时间。我认为这可以解释为什么人们认为随着年龄的增长，时间似乎在加速。 And it's because when you're a child, everything's new to you. You're figuring out the rules of the world, you're writing down a lot of memory, and so when you look back at the end of a year, you have a lot of memory of what you've learnt. But when you're much older and you look back at the end of the year, you're probably doing approximately the same stuff you've been doing for the X number of previous years. And so it seems like the year just went by in a flash. 这是因为当你还是个孩子时，一切对你来说都是新的。你在摸索这个世界的规则，你记下很多记忆，所以当你在一年结束时回头看，你对你所学到的东西有很多记忆。但是，当你长大很多，在年末回首往事时，你可能会做着和前几年差不多的事情。所以这一年似乎只是在一瞬间就过去了。 Really the way to feel as though you've lived longer is to seek novelty. So you can start with something simple like putting your wristwatch on your other hand or brushing your teeth with your other hand. Something this simple just forces the brain into a new mode where it can't predict exactly what's going to happen but instead has to be engaged. And what that means is when you go to bed at night time you have a lot of footage to draw upon and it feels like your life is lasting longer. 想要感觉自己活得更长，最好的办法就是寻找新鲜事物。所以你可以从一些简单的事情开始，比如把手表戴在另一只手上，或者用另一只手刷牙。这么简单的事情只会迫使大脑进入一种新的模式，在这种模式下，它不能准确地预测将要发生什么，而是必须参与其中。这意味着当你晚上上床睡觉的时候，你有很多画面可以回味，感觉你的生命更长了。 ★原视频以及更多英语听力见公众号[琐简]

The Emotions of Motherhood in Primates｜BBC Earth All over the world, you can see animals wrestling with the emotions a newborn brings, but it's clearest in primates. 在世界各地，你都能看到动物们与新生儿带来的情绪搏斗，但在灵长类动物身上表现得最明显。 In Madagascar, ring-tailed lemurs have to stay together to survive, particularly in a drought. One of the babies is too weak to hold on. Lemurs can't easily carry their young, so the mother faces an appalling dilemma. If she's separated from the others for too long, they could attack her as an outsider. She has to choose between her baby and herself. 在马达加斯加，环尾狐猴必须呆在一起才能生存，特别是在干旱的时候。其中一只幼崽太虚弱了，不能抓紧母亲。携带幼崽对狐猴来说不是件易事，所以母亲面临着一个可怕的困境。如果她和其他人分开太久，他们可能会把她当作局外人攻击。她必须在孩子和自己之间做出选择。 The mother moves to follow the troop, but she returns five times. Her mind must be struggling back and forth. Many scientists believe she feels emotion and is thinking about her feelings. It's called affective consciousness. It's now thought likely all mammals are aware of their instinctive feelings. It could be hard to be a good mother without it. 母亲跟着大部队前进，但她又返回了五次。她的大脑一定在来回挣扎。许多科学家认为，它能感受到情感，并在思考自己的感受。这就是所谓的情感意识。现在人们认为，所有哺乳动物都可能意识到自己的本能感受。没有这种本能，很难成为一个好母亲。 As her baby got weaker, she left for the last time. We can't know for sure what she was thinking or feeling, but she behaved as though she'd come to a decision that she found very difficult. 随着她的孩子越来越虚弱，她最后一次离开了。我们无法确定她当时的想法或感受，但她表现得就像做出了一个她觉得非常困难的决定。 Emotions are just instincts that you can feel, that you are aware of. They're the voices of our genes and our past. But conscious minds can manipulate each other's emotions right from the start. 情绪只是一种本能，你能感觉到，你能意识到。它们是我们的基因和过去发出的声音。但有意识的大脑从一开始就能操纵对方的情绪。 A vervet monkey is born. The baby meets a young cousin. He may be a new friend, an ally or competition. It all depends on his mother's social standing. She is not the only one in her community having a baby. 一只青长尾猴出生了。这只小猴遇到了一个年轻的表亲。他可能是一个新的朋友、盟友或竞争对手。这一切都取决于他母亲的社会地位。她不是社区里唯一一个生孩子的人。 For the teenage sisters, it's a thrilling time. They beg any chance to hold the newborns. The high-ranking females don't beg, they grab babies and teach them who's boss. Junior mothers have to be more protective. 对于十几岁的姐妹们来说，这是一个激动人心的时刻。他们乞求任何抱住新生儿的机会。地位较高的雌性不会乞求，它们会夺走幼崽，告诉它们谁是老大。年轻母亲必须更加保护孩子。 词汇表 motherhood 母性，母亲身份 primate 灵长类动物 wrestle with 与…搏斗， 努力克服 newborn 新生儿，新生幼崽 Madagascar 马达加斯加岛（非洲岛国） ring-tailed lemur 环尾狐猴：因身体像猴，面部像狐，有着黑白相间的环状长尾而得名，喜欢成群活动 drought 干旱，旱灾 appalling dilemma 可怕的两难困境 outsider 外人，局外人，不合群的人 troop 一群（人或野生动物），部队 back and forth 反复地，来回地 affective consciousness 情感意识，指的是个体对自身情感状态的认识和理解 mammal 哺乳动物 instinctive feeling 本能感受 come to a decision 做出决定 manipulate 操纵，控制 vervet monkey 黑长尾猴，长尾黑颚猴：体型似家猫大小，具有高度社会化的行为和结构 ally 同盟，盟友 social standing 社会地位 high-ranking 高级别的，地位高的 ★视频版和更多英语听力见公众号[琐简]

Tiny fish as loud as a pneumatic drill This buzzing, chirping sound is the pulsing chatter of the tiny transparent Danionella cerebrum as heard by the human ear. Researchers in Germany were intrigued by the noise coming from the fish tanks in their lab and decided to investigate the source. Using underwater microphones, they quickly deduced that this species was no small fry when it came to communication. 你听到的这种嗡嗡的叽喳声是一种学名为 “Danionella cerebrum” 的透明小鱼的脉冲声。德国的研究人员们偶然听到了从实验室的鱼缸中发出的噪音，对此很感兴趣，所以决定找出这个噪音的来源。通过利用水下麦克风，研究人员很快就推断出，就交流方式而言，这个鱼类物种绝不可小觑。 This is the slowed down sound booming out like a heartbeat. The fish uses its muscles to strike its own swim bladder to produce a short loud sonic pulse. In the waters close to the fish, it taps out 140 decibels, which is as loud as a gunshot. 这段经调慢处理后的音频播放的是这种透明小鱼发出的像心跳一样低沉有力的声音。它们牵动自身肌肉冲击体内的鱼鳔，从而发出一个短暂而响亮的声波脉冲。在靠近这种透明小鱼的水域内，可以探测到它们发出高达 140 分贝的声音，如枪声一样响亮。 Researchers believe this quirky communication behaviour evolved in the murky streams in Myanmar, where the fish lives. Other fish, including the Plainfin Midshipman, and the Black Drum are louder, but also much bigger creatures. 研究人员们认为这种奇特的交流行为是在缅甸浑浊的溪流中进化得来的，那里是它们的栖息地。其它鱼类，包括斑光蟾鱼和多须石首鱼发出的声音更响亮，但它们的体型也更大。 词汇表 pneumatic drill 风钻，气钻（噪音水平达到120-130分贝） buzzing 发出嗡嗡声 chirping 发出叽喳声 pulsing chatter 脉冲声：一种有规律的声音，类似于心跳或机器的运转声 transparent 透明的 Danionella cerebrum 小脑丹鳉：生活在缅甸的浅水区域，普通人指甲盖的长度，是世界上体型最小的鱼类之一 intrigue 使着迷，激起…的兴趣 fish tank 鱼缸，水族箱 deduce 推断，推论 small fry 无足轻重的人或事物 boom out 发出轰鸣声，发出巨大的声音 swim bladder 鱼鳔 sonic pulse 声波脉冲 tap out 发出（轻拍音） decibel 分贝 quirky 古怪的，奇特的 murky 浑浊的，昏暗的 Plainfin Midshipman 斑光蟾鱼 Black Drum 多须石首鱼 ★更多英语听力见公众号【琐简】，回复“1”可加入[打卡交流群]

Why stress makes you fat? 为什么压力会让你变胖？ Have you ever had a stressful day? Many people do in the course of their daily lives. And on these high-pressure days, they might find themselves reaching for a sugary snack. Perhaps this is part of their daily routine. Or perhaps on this particular day, their self-control is a bit low and they feel compelled to take a sugar hit. 你有过压力很大的一天吗？在日常生活中，很多人都遇到过。在这些高压的日子里，他们可能会发现自己很想吃含糖零食。也许这是他们日常生活的一部分。又或者，在这一天，他们的自制力有点差，他们有一种想要吃点含糖食物的冲动。 Stress is natural. That feeling of strain or pressure is a biological response, and under the right circumstances can be a great source of motivation. However, too much stress, especially chronic stress, has been linked to sleep disruption, a higher likelihood of a stroke, heart-attack, ulcer or depression, among other things. But why should stress make a person comfort eat? 这种紧张或压力的感觉是一种生物反应，在适当的情况下可以成为一种巨大的动力来源。然而，过度的压力，尤其是长期压力，会导致睡眠中断，以及中风、心脏病发作、溃疡或抑郁症等风险增加。但为什么压力会让寻求安慰性进食呢？ Dr Giles Yeo, a member of the BBC's Trust Me, I'm a Doctor team, got together with scientists from Leeds University to conduct an experiment into the effect of stress on blood sugar. Dr Yeo was subjected to a stress test. In the first stage, he was forced to answer mathematical questions rapidly. In the second, he had to immerse his hand in a bath of ice-cold water for a period of time. BBC的“相信我，我是医生”团队成员Giles Yeo博士与利兹大学的科学家们一起进行了一项关于压力对血糖影响的实验。Yeo博士接受了压力测试。在第一阶段，他被迫快速回答数学问题。第二阶段，他不得不将手浸入冰水中一段时间。 Before and after these tests, the Leeds scientists would measure Dr Yeo's blood sugar levels. These are the levels which rise when we eat as our body takes in the energy of the food. In a healthy person, these levels quickly return to normal. However, when Dr Yeo was being deliberately subjected to stress, his blood sugar took six times longer to drop than on a stress-free day. 在这些测试前后，利兹大学的科学家们将测量Yeo博士的血糖水平。当我们进食时，身体会吸收食物中的能量，从而使血糖水平升高。对于一个健康的人，血糖水平会很快恢复正常。然而，当Yeo博士被故意施加压力时，他的血糖下降时间是无压力时的六倍。 When we become stressed, our bodies enter ‘fight or flight' mode. Because our body believes it's under attack, it releases glucose into the blood to provide energy for muscles. However, if we don't use that energy, our body then releases insulin to make the blood sugar levels drop. This drop causes a hunger response: you want to eat. And what you particularly crave is sugary food, which rapidly replenishes the energy you have lost. If this happens repeatedly, over a long enough period, these high-calorie foods can lead to obesity. 当我们感到压力时，身体会进入“战斗或逃跑”模式。因为我们的身体认为自己受到了攻击，所以它会向血液中释放葡萄糖，为肌肉提供能量。然而，如果我们不利用这些能量，我们的身体就会释放胰岛素来降低血糖水平。这种下降会引起饥饿反应：你想吃东西。你特别渴望的是含糖食物，它能迅速补充你失去的能量。如果这种情况长期反复发生，这些高热量食物就会导致肥胖。 So what can we do to combat the stress? In an article for the BBC, Dr Michael Mosley recommends ‘stress-busting' techniques, like exercise, gardening, mindfulness or another activities that you enjoy. But his strongest recommendation is trying to get a good night's sleep. A recent study carried out by researchers at King's College, London found that if you deprived people of sleep, they would consume, on average, an extra 385kcal per day, which is equivalent to the calories in a large muffin. So, try sleeping to decrease stress, and as a result make it easier to keep yourself a little trimmer. 那么我们能做些什么来对抗压力呢？在BBC的一篇文章中，迈克尔·莫斯利博士推荐了“减压”技巧，比如锻炼、园艺、正念或其他你喜欢的活动。但他最强烈的建议是尝试睡个好觉。伦敦大学国王学院的研究人员最近进行的一项研究发现，如果剥夺人们的睡眠，他们平均每天会额外消耗385千卡热量，这相当于一个大松饼的热量。所以，试着通过睡觉来减轻压力，这样更容易让自己保持苗条。 词汇表 sugary snack 含糖的零食 self-control 自控力 compelled 不得不地 a sugar hit 由糖带来的一时的刺激 chronic stress 慢性压力，长期不断的压力 sleep disruption 睡眠中断 stroke 中风 heart-attack 心脏病发作 ulcer 溃疡 depression 抑郁，忧郁 comfort eat 安慰性饮食 blood sugar 血糖 be subjected to 经历，接受（测试，训练等） stress-free 无压力的 glucose 葡萄糖 insulin 胰岛素 high-calorie 高热量的 obesity 肥胖 combat stress 克服、对抗压力 stress-busting 减压的 gardening 园艺 mindfulness 正念 trim 苗条而健康的，修长的 ★更多英语听力见公众号[琐简]，回复"1"可加入[打卡交流群]

Business Bartleby 商业版块 巴托比专栏 The matinee test 午后场测试 How to take proper breaks from work. 如何在工作之余好好休息 The year 1843 was a tremendous one for humanity. The Economist was founded. Almost as importantly, the modern weekend started to take shape. A campaign was launched in Manchester to give industrial workers half a day off on Saturdays, designed to ensure that more of them turned up ready to work on Monday morning. It succeeded, and the practice was eventually adopted into law; over time, a five-day week has become the norm in most countries. 1843年对人类来说是意义非凡的一年。即经济学家》创刊。同样重要的是，现代周末开始形成。曼彻斯特发起了一场运动，让产业工人在周六休息半天，以确保更多工人在周一早上做好工作准备。这场运动取了成功，这一做法最终被法律采纳；随着时间的推移，每周五天工作制在大多数国家已经成为常态。 Whether it is the weekend, the summer holidays that many people in the northern hemisphere are currently taking or the daily rest periods that companies give to their employees, the right for people to take breaks is uncontested. But for white-collar workers in particular, the boundaries between working time and non-working time have become very blurry. It is standard practice to eat lunch hunched over your desk: look down at your keyboard and you will see far more crumbs than characters. It is normal to look at emails in the evening, at weekends and on holiday. 无论是周末，还是北半球许多人正在享受的暑假，抑或是公司给予员工的每日休息时间，人们休息的权利都是无可争议的。但对于白领来说，工作时间和非工作时间的界限已经变得非常模糊。伏案吃饭是标准的做法：低头看看你的键盘，你会看到碎屑比字符多得多。晚上、周末、节假日看邮件很正常。 Deploring this development is too simple: the ability to choose when and where you work suits lots of people. But it has also created the impression that you are always contactable. As long ago as 2013, Melissa Mazmanian of the University of California, Irvine and Wanda Orlikowski and JoAnne Yates of the MIT Sloan School of Management coined the term "the autonomy paradox" to describe how greater flexibility for individuals has led to diminished freedom for everyone to switch off. 对这一发展表示哀叹太简单了：能选择工作时间和地点符合很多人的需要。但这也给人造成了一种印象：你总是可以随时联系到别人。早在2013年，加州大学欧文分校的梅丽莎·马兹马尼安·和麻省理工学院斯隆管理学院的万达·奥利科夫斯基和乔安妮·耶茨就创造了“自主悖论”一词，用来描述个人灵活性的提高如何导致每个人的自由度降低。 Breaking out of this trap is hard. As a little experiment to assess your own degree of freedom, try to follow a recommendation from Cal Newport, a thoughtful writer on how the performative busyness of modern work impedes the ability to get important stuff done. In his latest book, "Slow Productivity", Mr Newport advocates deliberately varying the intensity of work. Among other things, he suggests setting aside a weekday afternoon once a month to see a film. Taking three hours off every so often ought not to feel outlandish if you catch up on your work later. But few employers would react well to an out-of-office message that reads "I am watching Deadpool & Wolverine and will be slower to respond than normal." So an uncomfortable degree of subterfuge is required. First, following Mr Newport's advice, you label the time as a "personal appointment"; never has a calendar entry looked more suspicious. Before you enter the cinema you check around for colleagues. A handful of single people are in there: you wonder how many of them are also at a "personal appointment". You are told to turn off your phone, the ultimate working-hours transgression. The moment you leave you check it to make sure all hell has not broken loose in your absence. During the film you feel guilty that you have been munching popcorn while everyone else has been working. The whole experience is sufficiently draining that you need another rest. Managers may well feel that their workforce shouldn't be heading off to the cinema whenever it feels like it. But organisations should ensure that their employees do not mistake exhaustion for accomplishment or breaks for laziness. Mr Newport cites the example of 37signals, a software firm that works in six-week cycles. At the end of each cycle, developers take one or two weeks off scheduled projects to slow the pace. Slack, another software firm, ran a survey in which they found that only two in five of their employees felt comfortable taking breaks. It then conducted an experiment in which it prompted some of its workers to take time off during the day, and found that this led to marked improvements in their productivity and job satisfaction. If the encouragement of your employer is not forthcoming, some simple habits can still make for better breaks. If you decide to work at weekends or on holidays, only do so during set periods so that you get at least some extended time off the treadmill. During the workday, one tip stands out. A recent review of the research on work breaks by Zhanna Lyubykh of Simon Fraser University and her colleagues concluded that being outside was a better way to recharge. A study of nurses by Makayla Cordoza, now of Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, and her co-authors found that breaks in the hospital garden mitigated the risk of burnout more than staying indoors. Switching off is hard enough. Staying in the office makes it tougher still. ★字数限制，完整翻译见公众号【琐简】