人类对鸟类的痴迷自古有之，而且传统的鸟类研究也充满艰辛。科学家常有的最大的难题莫过于“认鸟”：在外观相似的鸟类中，如何分辨谁是“张三”谁是“李四”？ 现在，AI成了科研利器。在个体识别上，科学家发明了“鸟脸打卡机”。在行为学研究中，机器鸟“芬哥”惊艳亮相。在工业防范方面，风电场利用双目立体视觉和三级虚拟围栏技术，精准区分几百米外的猛禽和一般鸟类，实现“按需停机”。 中间的就是机械鸟“芬哥” 参考文献： Ferreira, A. C., Silva, L. R., Renna, F., Brandl, H. B., Renoult, J. P., Farine, D. R., Covas, R., & Doutrelant, C. (2020). Deep learning-based methods for individual recognition in small birds. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11(9), 1072–1085. DOI : 10.1111/2041-210X.13436 Simon, R., Varkevisser, J., Mendoza, E., Hochradel, K., Elsinga, R., Wiersma, P. G., Middelburg, E., Zoeter, E., Scharff, C., Riebel, K., & Halfwerk, W. (2023). RoboFinch: A versatile audio-visual synchronised robotic bird model for laboratory and field research on songbirds. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 14(4), 1092–1103. DOI : 10.1111/2041-210X.14063 Goodman, B. D., Lima, K. A., Benz, S., Fisichelli, N. A., & Kitzes, J. (2025). Humans outperform Merlin Sound ID in field-based point-count surveys. Ornithological Applications, 127(4), duaf049. DOI : 10.1093/ornithapp/duaf049 Chalmers, C., Fergus, P., Wich, S., Longmore, S. N., Walsh, N. D., Oliver, L., Warrington, J., Quinlan, J., & Appleby, K. (2025). AI-Driven Real-Time Monitoring of Ground-Nesting Birds: A Case Study on Curlew Detection Using YOLOv10. Remote Sensing, 17(5), 769. DOI : 10.3390/rs17050769 Kahl, S., Wood, C. M., Eibl, M., & Klinck, H. (2021). BirdNET: A deep learning solution for avian diversity monitoring. Ecological Informatics, 61, 101236. DOI : 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101236 Brighton, C., Clarke, J., & Boersch-Supan, P. (2025). Scientific support to the trial of Spoor AI at the European Offshore Wind Deployment Centre. BTO Research Report, 781, 109. Klar, N., Gifary, N., Ziegler, F. P. G., Sehnke, F., Kaifel, A., Price, E., & Ahmad, A. (2025). BirdRecorder's AI on Sky: Safeguarding birds of prey by detection and classification of tiny objects around wind turbines. arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.18136. Mund, J.-P., & Rieger, S. (2023). Remote Sensing Methods Combined with Anti-collision Systems to Reduce Avian Collisions with Wind Turbines, Facilitating the Energy Transition. Advances in GIScience, 2(2), 69–87. DOI : 10.1553/giscience2023_02_s69 BGM：Will you love me tomorrow - Carole King

最近有一项新的科学研究，结果很有意思 - 公园里的鸟，居然更“怕”女生？ 这篇文章在2025年底发表于《People and Nature》，横跨了欧洲五国七城，对37种共2701只鸟进行了精密的测试。结果发现：在面对女性的时候，鸟类的“惊飞距离”（FID）平均多出整整1米！这意味着，鸟类允许男性比女性多靠近11%的距离才逃跑。为什么会这样？什么原因呢？那请您听我们聊聊吧！ 参考文献： Morelli F, Benedetti Y, Mikula P, et al. (2026). Sex matters: European urban birds flee approaching women sooner than approaching men. People and Nature, 8: 316–326. DOI: 10.1002/pan3.70226 Ydenberg RC, Dill LM. (1986). The economics of fleeing from predators. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 16: 229–249. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60192-8 Blumstein DT. (2006). Developing an evolutionary ecology of fear: How life history and natural history traits affect disturbance tolerance in birds. Animal Behaviour, 71: 389–399. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.010 Weston MA, McLeod EM, Blumstein DT, Guay PJ. (2012). A review of flight-initiation distances and their application to managing disturbance to Australian birds. Emu, 112: 269–286. DOI: 10.1071/MU12026 Møller AP. (2008). Flight distance of urban birds, predation, and selection for urban life. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 63: 63–75. DOI: 10.1007/s00265-008-0636-y Samia DSM, Blumstein DT, Díaz M, et al. (2017). Rural–urban differences in escape behavior of European birds across a latitudinal gradient. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 5: 66. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00066 Nepali A, Katuwal HB, Kc S, et al. (2024). Flight initiation distance and bird tolerance to humans in rural and urban habitats. Royal Society Open Science, 11: 240332. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240332 Coetzer C, Bouwman H. (2017). Waterbird flight initiation distances at Barberspan Bird Sanctuary, South Africa. Koedoe, 59(1): a1419. DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v59i1.1419 Seco Pon JP, et al. (2026). Risk-taking behavior in three Fulica species inhabiting an urban coastal lagoon in Mar del Plata city, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Ecología Austral, 36: 176–189. DOI: 10.25260/EA.26.36.2.0.2607 Morelli F, Mikula P, Blumstein DT, et al. (2022). Flight initiation distance and refuge in urban birds. Science of the Total Environment, 842: 156939. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156939 Møller AP, Liang W, Samia DSM. (2019). Flight initiation distance, color and camouflage. Current Zoology, 65: 535–540. DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoz005 Morelli F, Benedetti Y, Díaz M, et al. (2019). Contagious fear: Escape behavior increases with flock size in European gregarious birds. Ecology and Evolution, 9: 6096–6104. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5193 Kalb N, Anger F, Randler C. (2019). Flight initiation distance and escape behavior in the black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros). Ethology, 125: 430–438. DOI: 10.1111/eth.12867 Zhou B, Liang W. (2020). Avian escape responses to observers wearing clothing of different colors: A comparison of urban and rural populations. Global Ecology and Conservation, 22: e00921. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00921 Yuan K, Yang S, et al. (2024). Responses of birds to observers holding popguns: Hunting history influences escape behavior of urban birds. Current Zoology, 70: 631–636. DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoad049 Sorge RE, Martin LJ, Isbester KA, et al. (2014). Olfactory exposure to males, including men, causes stress and related analgesia in rodents. Nature Methods, 11: 629–632. DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2935 Bird RB, Bird DW. (2008). Why women hunt: Risk and contemporary foraging in a Western Desert Aboriginal community. Current Anthropology, 49: 655–693. DOI: 10.1086/587700 Haas R, Watson J, Buonasera T, et al. (2020). Female hunters of the early Americas. Science Advances, 6: eabd0310. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd0310 Anderson A, Chilczuk S, Nelson K, Ruther R, Wall-Scheffler C. (2023). The myth of Man the Hunter: Women’s contribution to the hunt across ethnographic contexts. PLOS ONE, 18: e0287101. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287101 Amo L, López P, Martín J, et al. (2011). Smelling out predators is innate in birds. Ardea, 99: 177–184. DOI: 10.5253/078.099.0207 de Resende NC, Teixeira CP, de Azevedo CS. (2024). Flight initiation distance in an urban bird: Influence of the number of people, gaze orientation, and bird behavior. Birds, 5: 255–264. DOI: 10.3390/birds5020017 BGM That Girl (feat. Veegee) [Ye Remix] - Olly Murs

身在异乡的你，有没有想过：究竟哪儿才算自己的老家？是你的口味、口音这些？这些习惯又是哪些是刻在基因里，哪些又是后天养成的呢？其实不光是我们人类，鸟也有这个成长的烦恼。 科学家把荷兰斑姬鹟的蛋挪到瑞典孵化，让瑞典鸟当爹妈。结果这“荷籍瑞裔”的小鸟，春天回瑞典安家，冬天去非洲过冬时，落脚点却卡在了荷兰鸟和瑞典鸟的中间。 同窝的黑尾塍鹬，一个在荷兰放飞，一个扔到波兰，最后去的越冬地都不一样。白鹳的幼鸟要是错过了“老司机”的带队，就只能自己瞎飞，还有很多鸟类全有这样的问题。 基因打底，环境塑形，不论是我们人类还是鸟类，最后总会走出一条独属于自己的路。 BGM：回家之路 - 沈腾|电影《独行月球》 参考资料： * Lamers K P, Ouwehand J, Ubels R, et al. Innate factors and ontogeny determine nonbreeding areas of migrant songbirds. Science, 392(6805): 1375–1379, 2026. * Lamers K P, Nilsson J Å, Nicolaus M, et al. Adaptation to climate change through dispersal and inherited timing in an avian migrant. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 7(11): 1869–1877, 2023. * Loonstra A H J, Verhoeven M A, Both C, et al. Translocation of shorebird siblings shows intraspecific variation in migration routines to arise after fledging. Current Biology, 33(12): 2535–2540.e3, 2023. * Chernetsov N, Berthold P, Querner U. Migratory orientation of first-year white storks (Ciconia ciconia): inherited information and social interactions. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207(6): 937–943, 2004. * Meyburg B U, Bergmanis U, Langgemach T, et al. Orientation of native versus translocated juvenile lesser spotted eagles (Clanga pomarina) on the first autumn migration. Journal of Experimental Biology, 220(15): 2765–2776, 2017. * Thorup K, Vega M L, Snell K R S, et al. Flying on their own wings: young and adult cuckoos respond similarly to long-distance displacement during migration. Scientific Reports, 10: 7698, 2020. * Byholm P, Beal M, Isaksson N, et al. Paternal transmission of migration knowledge in a long-distance bird migrant. Nature Communications, 13: 1566, 2022. * Mueller T, O'Hara R B, Converse S J, et al. Social learning of migratory performance. Science, 341(6149): 999–1002, 2013. * Madsen J, Schreven K H T, Jensen G H, et al. Rapid formation of new migration route and breeding area by Arctic geese. Current Biology, 33(6): 1162–1170.e4, 2023. * Gu Z, Pan S, Lin Z, et al. Climate-driven flyway changes and memory-based long-distance migration. Nature, 591(7849): 259–264, 2021. * Lisowski C, Quetting M, Klaus D, et al. Homing pigeon navigation relies on superparamagnetic macrophages under overcast conditions. Science, 392(6801): 985–991, 2026. * 詹媛. 2021年度中国生命科学十大进展发布. 人民网, 2022-01-11. * Perdeck A C. Two types of orientation in migrating starlings, Sturnus vulgarisL., and chaffinches, Fringilla coelebsL., as revealed by displacement experiments. Ardea, 46: 1–37, 1958. * Helbig A J. Inheritance of migratory direction in a bird species: a cross-breeding experiment with SE- and SW-migrating blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 28(1): 9–12, 1991. * Berthold P, Helbig A, Mohr G, et al. Rapid microevolution of migratory behaviour in a wild bird species. Nature, 360(6406): 668–670, 1992. * Delmore K E, Irwin D E. Hybrid songbirds employ intermediate routes in a migratory divide. Ecology Letters, 17(10): 1211–1218, 2014. * Sokolovskis K, Lundberg M, Åkesson S, et al. Migration direction in a songbird explained by two loci. Nature Communications, 14: 165, 2023.

在城市里，纯“野生”的环境越来越少， 城市里的动物发生了什么样的改变呢？城市不只是咱们人类的地盘，也是野生动物的“超速进化实验室”。 鸽子成了“带翅膀的老鼠”。这些“宅鸟”的活动半径离家不超过25公里，他们不向往野外，城里的高楼和垃圾成就了他们的帝国。。 伦敦地铁里的蚊子也是有历史传承的，他们早在两千年前就适应了地下环境，地铁只是它们的新家而已。 在日本乌鸦会把坚果放在斑马线前，等红灯时用车轮胎压碎，绿灯时再安心地开饭。多伦多的浣熊变身开锁大师，为了吃到垃圾，它们能破解市政府耗资3100万加元研发的“防浣熊智能垃圾桶” 城市也无力让自然退场，而是迫使各种生命形式以惊人的速度重塑自我。 参考文献： 1. Carlen, E., & Munshi-South, J. (2021). Widespread genetic connectivity of feral pigeons across the Northeastern megacity. Evolutionary Applications, 14(1), 150-162. 2. Hamer, A. J., Smith, P. J., & McDonnell, M. J. (2012). The importance of habitat design and aquatic connectivity in amphibian use of urban stormwater retention ponds. Urban Ecosystems, 15(2), 451-471. 3. Jerolmack, C. (2008). How pigeons became rats: The cultural-spatial logic of problem animals. Social Problems, 55(1), 72-94. 4. Johnson, M. T. J., & Munshi-South, J. (2017). Evolution of life in urban environments. Science, 358(6363), eaam8327. 5. Nihei, Y. (1995). Variations of behaviour of Carrion Crows Corvus corone using automobiles as nutcrackers. Japanese Journal of Ornithology, 44(1), 21-35. 6. Byrne, K., & Nichols, R. A. (1999). Culex pipiens in London Underground tunnels: differentiation between surface and subterranean populations. Heredity, 82(1), 7-15. 7. Haba, Y., Aardema, M. L., Afonso, M. O., Agramonte, N. M., Albright, J., Alho, A. M., Almeida, A. P. G., Alout, H., Alten, B., Altinli, M., ... McBride, L. (2025). Ancient origin of an urban underground mosquito. Science. 8. Santangelo, J. S., Ness, R. W., Cohan, B., Fitzpatrick, C. R., Innes, S. G., Koch, S., Miles, L. S., Munim, S., Peres-Neto, P. R., Prashad, C., Tong, A. T., Aguirre, W. E., Akinwole, P. O., Alberti, M., Álvarez, J., Anderson, J. T., Anderson, J. J., Ando, Y., Andrew, N. R., Angeoletto, F., ... Johnson, M. T. J. (2022). Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover. Science, 375(6586), 1275-1281 9. Winchell, K. M., Reynolds, R. G., Prado-Irwin, S. R., Puente-Rolón, A. R., & Revell, L. J. (2016). Phenotypic shifts in urban areas in the tropical lizard Anolis cristatellus. Evolution, 70(5), 1009-1022. 10. Winchell, K. M., et al. (2023). Genome-wide parallelism underlies contemporary adaptation in urban lizards. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(3), e2216789120. BGM Monsters (feat. Katie Sky)｜Timeflies - After Hours (Deluxe Version)

都说“眼睛是心灵的窗户”，对鸟类来说，和哺乳动物朴素的棕褐色的虹膜不一样，他们的眼睛像是个万花筒，我们经常看到的有祖母绿的鸬鹚、红宝石般的黑翅鸢等等等等，色彩之丰富，让我们惊叹。 这绚烂的色彩从何而来？有是为什么会有这样的颜色？这些颜色又有什么用处？听说是“老司机”才有更漂亮的颜色？这看眼睛还能看出健康状况来？今天咱们的节目就和鸟的眼色有关。 让人震撼到无言的五颜六色 你就说我眼睛大不大，亮不亮吧（钩嘴夜鹰） 参考文献： Andrade, P., Gazda, M. A., Araújo, P. M., Afonso, S., Rasmussen, J. A., Marques, C. I.,... & Carneiro, M. (2021). Molecular parallelisms between pigmentation in the avian iris and the integument of ectothermic vertebrates. PLoS Genetics, 17(2), e1009404. Caves, E. M., Green, P. A., Zipple, M. N., Peters, S., Johnsen, S., & Nowicki, S. (2018). Categorical perception of colour signals in a songbird. Nature, 560(7718), 377–381. Corbett, E. C., Brumfield, R. T., & Faircloth, B. C. (2024). The mechanistic, genetic and evolutionary causes of bird eye colour variation. Ibis, 166(2), 560–589. Davidson, G. L., Clayton, N. S., & Thornton, A. (2014). Salient eyes deter conspecific nest intruders in wild jackdaws (Corvus monedula). Biology Letters, 10(2), 20131077. Davidson, G. L., Thornton, A., & Clayton, N. S. (2017). Evolution of iris colour in relation to cavity nesting and parental care in passerine birds. Biology Letters, 13(1), 20160783. Hudon, J., & Muir, A. D. (1996). Characterization of the reflective materials and organelles in the bright irides of North American blackbirds (Icterinae). Pigment Cell Research, 9(2), 96–104. Maclary, E. T., Phillips, B., Wauer, R., Boer, E. F., Bruders, R., Gilvarry, T., Holt, C., Yandell, M., & Shapiro, M. D. (2021). Two genomic loci control three eye colors in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38(12), 5376–5390. Negro, J. J., Blázquez, M. C., & Galván, I. (2017). Intraspecific eye color variability in birds and mammals: a recent evolutionary event exclusive to humans and domestic animals. Frontiers in Zoology, 14, 53. Oehme, H. (1969). Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Färbung der Vogeliris. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 88, 3–35. Oliphant, L. W. (1987). Pteridines and purines as major pigments of the avian iris. Pigment Cell Research, 1(3), 129–131. Passarotto, A., Parejo, D., Cruz-Miralles, A., & Avilés, J. M. (2018). The evolution of iris colour in relation to nocturnality in owls. Journal of Avian Biology, 49(11), e01908. Scholten, C. J. (1999). Iris color of Humboldt Penguins (Spheniscus humboldti). Marine Ornithology, 27, 187–194. Si, S., Xu, X., Zhuang, Y., Gao, X., Zhang, H., Zou, Z., & Luo, S.-J. (2021). The genetics and evolution of eye color in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). PLoS Genetics, 17(8), e1009770. Stavenga, D. G., Leertouwer, H. L., Marshall, N. J., & Osorio, D. (2011). Dramatic colour changes in a bird of paradise caused by uniquely structured breast feather barbules. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1715), 2098–2104. Young, K. E., Olsen, T. W., Fernández-Juricic, E., Talbot, A. D. M., Abeson, K. R., & Dunning, J. B. (2025). An examination of iris color variation in Northern Saw-whet Owls (Aegolius acadicus) relative to sex and age. Journal of Field Ornithology, 96(2), 4. BGM： Smoke Gets in Your Eyes - New York Jazz Lounge Bar Jazz Classics Vol.3 Smoke Gets in Your Eyes - Julio Iglesias with All-4-One

最近有一款桌面放置类的小游戏非常火爆。 应该有很多观鸟的朋友全下载了吧。 作为一款在steam平台上独立发行的游戏， 他们是怎么制作的？怎么开始的？未来会怎么做？他们全是喜欢观鸟的人么？带着这些问题，我们访谈了他们团队中的重要两位，千阳还有高兴。 BGM：长渕刚 - とんぼ 我们的听友群：+V hotpeaker 请您多给我们留言啦！我们随机在本期的评论中抽中三名朋友， 送出《观鸟笔记》的游戏注册码。

今天是我们的第100期节目啦， 感谢各位朋友的支持。 这期节目是对第一期节目的一个回顾吧，我门更详细地讲述了一些关于观鸟的小故事，希望您能喜欢。 做一个节目说起来很简单，但是其实很复杂。从选题，找资料，写稿，改稿再到录音剪辑，选音乐等等，差不多需要一周的时间。 从开始做节目，我们保持了一周一更的频率，全年无休。喜欢我们就给我点赞，关注，并且多多的评论吧。 爱就杀戮的年代 各种鸟类的皮毛标本 亚里士多德的一些推测 哈佛大学校长，这是我慎重的推断 - 燕子去了月球 不要斋戒，只要铁锅炖大鹅 奥杜邦 - 不打下来，我哪里看得清楚啊 挣扎的心，颤抖的手 在我的庄园里 - 咬你一口 帽子 - 鸟类尸体展示台 三等车厢的富家女 致敬 - 为了理解而观察 歌剧望远镜也能观鸟 我一看就知道是什么鸟 大推车儿 BGM： 片头：张震岳 - 爱我别走 片尾：飘向北方 - 邓紫棋/黄明志 参考⽂献： * The Weirdest Ideas About Bird Migration - RealClearScience * The Great Migration Mystery | History Today * Medieval Lore: The Curious Myth of the Origin Barnacle Geese - Under the influence! * Barnacle goose myth - Wikipedia * Science, Superstition and the Goose Barnacle - Shorelines * On the Art of Hunting with Birds: a treatise by the Holy Roman Emperor himself, Frederick II * The Modern History of Ornithology Starts With This Inquisitive Medieval Emperor * How Bird Collecting Evolved Into Bird-Watching - Smithsonian Magazine * From 'Shotgun Ornithology' to Nature Conservation: Scientific Stories and Data from the * Field Notes of William Brewster | Ernst Mayr Library - Harvard University * Birder, Painter, Troll, and Trickster—the Secret Life of John James Audubon * Apocryphal Birding Stories & Urban Myths * Nature Conservation and William Brewster: Insights From a Lifetime of Scientific * Observations - Biodiversity Heritage Library * 1974: Charles Waterton, TAXIDERMIST and ECCENTRIC | Nationwide | Weird and * Charles waterton taxidermy hi-res stock photography and images - Alamy * The 5 Most Epic Acts of Trolling in the History of Science * Yorkshire estate known as world's first nature reserve gets Grade II listing - The Guardian * The Father and Son Who Ate Every Animal Possible - * The Victorian Father-Son Duo Who Ate Their Way Through the Animal Kingdom * Crimes of Fashion: Gilded Age Millinery and the Plight of Birds - The Frick Pittsburgh * The Bird Hat Craze That Sparked a Preservation Movement - Pacific Standard * Feathers, fashion and animal rights - Journal of ART in SOCIETY * Punch Magazine Fashion Cartoons - Victorian Roses Ladies Riding Society * During the late victorian era and early 1900s it was fashionable to wear taxidermy birds on hats. * Early Female Conservationists Promoted Bird Friendly Fashions - Racing Nellie Bly * A Hat Tip to the Women Who Started Modern Bird Conservation in the U.S. | Audubon * birdwatching and bird protection * The Project Gutenberg eBook of Bird Watching, by Edmund Selous * The ethology and life history of birds: the forgotten contributions of Oskar, Magdalena and * Research QUESTIONS: Living with a thousand birds - SPKmagazin * How Ornithology Shifted from Hunting and Collecting to Watching - Adafruit Blog * The Unintended Beauty of Starlings - Nautilus Magazine * Birds Through an Opera Glass | Horton's Books & Gifts * Secret Life of Antiques: Antique French Opera Glasses & Binoculars - Noted Naturalists | Colebrook Land Conservancy * Christmas Bird Count | Dogwood Canyon Audubon Center * The History of the Christmas Bird Count - Audubon Society of Rhode Island * "Twitching" Is Bird Watching At Its Extreme – Pet Birds by Lafeber Co. * Why the term 'twitch' ruffles feathers | Birds - The Guardian * Birdwatching goes both ways: Movement or conspiracy? - Verde Magazine * The Field Guide to Dumb Birds of North America

麻雀蹦、喜鹊走，不同的鸟在地上是怎么活动的？多数的小鸟爱蹦跶，十来克的麻雀下肢短，如果要是想交替迈步，就得提高步频，实在太费劲了。蹦着走能把腿当成弹簧，靠肌腱储能弹起，一次跳好几个身长，抓虫子、躲猫都比别人快一步儿。灰喜鹊常年在树冠上蹦哒，下地以后，也懒得再学新技能，就沿用他们树上练的本事吧。 大块头的鸟就得溜达了。像是喜鹊、乌鸦，他们的体重摆在那儿，硬蹦的话，落地冲击力能伤到关节，代谢也烧得慌，交替迈步的时候总会有一脚沾地，省力又护骨头。今天的节目就是说说到底是蹦跶还是溜达。 BGM： 许冠杰 - 浪子心声 参考文献： Xu, X., Zhou, Z., Dudley, R., et al. (2014). An integrative approach to understanding bird origins. Science, 346(6215), 1253293. Wang, M., & Zhou, Z. (2023). Low morphological disparity and decelerated rate of limb size evolution close to the origin of birds. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 7. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02091-z Macaulay, S., Hoehfurtner, T., Cross, S. R. R., Marek, R. D., Hutchinson, J. R., Schachner, E. R., Maher, A. E., & Bates, K. T. (2023). Decoupling body shape and mass distribution in birds and their dinosaurian ancestors. Nature Communications, 14, 1575. 刘迪, 周忠和, 张玉光. (2012). 中国中生代鸟类的体重估计及其演化趋势. 古脊椎动物学报, 50(1), 39–52. 张玉光, 田晓阳, 李志恒. (2008). 中国中生代鸟类后肢骨骼的长度比例特征及栖息习性的分析. 古脊椎动物学报, 46(4), 317–329. 步态、足型与运动形态 Provini, P., & Höfling, E. (2020). To hop or not to hop? The answer is in the bird trees. Systematic Biology, 69(5), 962–972. Carril, J., De Mendoza, R. S., Degrange, F. J., Barbeito, C. G., & Tambussi, C. P. (2024). Evolution of avian foot morphology through anatomical network analysis. Nature Communications, 15, 9888. Hayes, G., & Alexander, R. McN. (1983). The hopping gaits of crows (Corvidae) and other bipeds. Journal of Zoology, 200(2), 205–213. Andrada, E., Haase, D., Sutedja, Y., et al. (2015). Mixed gaits in small avian terrestrial locomotion. Scientific Reports, 5, 13636. Daley, M. A., & Birn-Jeffery, A. (2018). Scaling of avian bipedal locomotion reveals independent effects of body mass and leg posture on gait. Journal of Experimental Biology, 221(10), jeb152538. 运动能量学与生物力学 Bautista, M., Tinbergen, J., & Kacelnik, A. (2001). To walk or to fly? How birds choose among foraging modes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(3), 1089–1094. Griffin, T. M., & Kram, R. (2000). Penguin waddling is not wasteful. Nature, 408, 929. Gutmann, A. K., Lee, D. V., & McGowan, C. P. (2013). Collision-based mechanics of bipedal hopping. Biology Letters, 9(4), 20130418. Biewener, A. A., McGowan, C., Card, G. M., & Baudinette, R. V. (2004). Dynamics of leg muscle function in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) during level versus incline hopping. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207(2), 211–223. Watson, R. R., Rubenson, J., et al. (2011). Gait-specific energetics contributes to economical walking and running in emus and ostriches. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278. Wilkinson, H., Thavarajah, N., & Codd, J. R. (2015). The metabolic cost of walking on an incline in the Peacock (Pavo cristatus). PeerJ, 3, e987. Alexander, R. M. (2003). Principles of Animal Locomotion. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 专著 郑光美 (主编). (2012). 鸟类学（第2版）. 北京: 北京师范大学出版社. 珍妮弗·阿克曼. (2020). 鸟类的行为（The Bird Way）. 南京: 译林出版社.

飞行是鸟类最耗能的运动，他们维持胸肌和骨骼需要付出高昂的代谢代价。可是还有超过60种的鸟类主动放弃了飞行，成为“走地鸟”。是因为他们退化了么？还是他们有更精明的算计呢？ 在放弃了飞行能力之后，他们的基础代谢率大幅下降，节省下来的能量可以被投入到繁殖方面上。比如新西兰的几维鸟，他们蛋的重量能达到体重的25%，是现生鸟类里卵占比最大的物种。 岛屿是“走地鸟”的天选之地。在远离大陆的孤岛上没有哺乳动物或者其他的捕食者，飞行逃生和长途觅食的需求就消失了，他们原来沉重的飞行器官反倒是成了累赘。有研究显示，随着捕食压力降低，鸟类普遍出现了胸肌缩小、后肢变长的趋势，这是他们走向不飞性的过渡阶段。 还有一些鸟就演化出了“蹭饭”的绝活儿。像是牛背鹭，就会紧跟着大型食草动物的步伐，利用它们惊扰藏匿猎物的习性高效实现觅食。在我国陕西洋县，有研究发现，跟着牛群的牛背鹭的啄食率会提升一倍，移动成本反而降低了75%。随着环境变化，它们甚至学会了跟着拖拉机或者干脆入驻垃圾填埋场。 最复杂的合作是来自于黑喉响蜜鴷。它们在知道了蜂巢位置以后就会引导人类过来。咱们人类用烟驱蜂、用斧劈巢，留下的蜂蜡就是他们的收获。 进取不必拘泥于一种形式，找到适合自己的节奏，才是最好的生存之道。 BGM： 片头：Jams Blunt - You're Beautiful 片尾：椿乐队 - 晚风（先行版） 参考文献 * Field Museum of Natural History. (2025). When Birds Lose the Ability to Fly, Their Bodies Change Faster Than Their Feathers. Evolution. * Kiat, Y., & O'Connor, J. (2024). History of flight in dinosaurs and secondary flightlessness in birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). * Wright, N. A., Steadman, D. W., & Witt, C. C. (2016). Predictable evolutionary trends in tinamous and other ratites under insularity and reduced predation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 113(22), 6214-6219. * Cooper, A., Mitchell, K. J., & Wood, J. R. (2014). Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite evolution. Science. 10.1126/science.1251981 * Spottiswoode, C. N., Begg, K. S., & Begg, C. M. (2011). Mutualism and murder: the evolutionary logic of honeyguides and why it matters. Biology Letters. * Isack, H. A., & Reyer, H. U. (1989). Honeyguides and hominids: co-evolution of a mutualistic relationship. Science, 243(4896), 1343-1346. * American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). (2024). Cultural coevolution between humans and honeyguides. Science News. * van der Wal, J. E. M., Afan, A. I., Anyawire, M., Begg, C., Begg, K., & Spottiswoode, C. N. (2026). Greater Honeyguides Sometimes Guide Humans to Animals Other Than Bees, but Likely Not as Punishment. Journal of Zoology, PMC12037988. * Spottiswoode, C. N., & Wood, B. M. (2023). Culturally transmitted helper-selection dialects in a wild bird-human mutualism. Science, 382(6675), 1152-1156. * Pérez-Tris, J., Bensch, S., Carbonell, R., Helbig, A. J., & Tellería, J. L. (2004). Repeated rapid evolution of avian migration routes. BioScience, 57, 165. * Sjöberg, S., Alerstam, T., Alves, J. A., Andersson, A., Bäckman, J., & Hedenström, A. (2026). Winter thermoregulation costs drive annual energy expenditure trade-offs across avian migration strategies. bioRxiv. * Macias Torres, P. (2025). Flight energetics in migratory birds: a perspective on small passerines. Lund University Dissertation. * Pulido, F. (2007). The genetics and evolution of avian migration. BioScience. PMC10297951. * Somveille, M., Rodrigues, A. S., & Manica, A. (2018). Energy efficiency shapes patterns of seasonal redistribution of migratory species. Nature Ecology & Evolution. * Harshman, J., Braun, E. L., Fitch, D. P., & Cracraft, J. (2008). Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(36), 13462-13467. * Robertson, H. A., & Colbourne, R. M. (2024). Reinvesting energy from flight into reproduction: the egg of the Kiwi (Apteryx). Curious Species Journal. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2025). Eight birds that cannot fly and their remarkable longevity and behavioral characteristics. Britannica List. * Mukherjee, A. (2000). Adaptiveness of Cattle Egret's foraging. Zoos' Print Journal, 15(10), 332-333. * Lombardini, F., et al. (2001). Ecological interactions of Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) with livestock in dry pastures of Maremma Regional Park, Italy. Avocetta, 25, 17-21. * Seedikkoya, K., Azeez, P. A., & Shukkur, E. A. (2005). Foraging ecology and association of Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) in Kerala, India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. * DABCS. (2024). Foraging activities, success and efficiency of cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis) across different habitats in Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Journal of Biological and Food Science Research, 2(4), 45-50. * Tarwater, C. R., & Brawn, J. D. (2011). Obligate army ant-following birds in fragmenting forests of Panama. Amazon Conservation Association Report. * Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. (2026). Symbiotic relationships between Thamnophilidae birds and Eciton burchellii army ants. STRI Science Portal. * Howard, L., & Tarwater, C. R. (2025). Spatial distribution of birds, ants, and prey at swarm fronts in Panama. University of Wyoming Research News. * Willson, S. K. (2004). Obligate Army-Ant-Following Birds: A Study of Ecology, Spatial Movement Patterns, and Behavior in Amazonian Peru. Ornithological Monographs, 55, 1-67. * Berthold, P. (1999). Theory of partial migration and the evolutionary transition from resident to migratory habits. Proceedings of the International Ornithological Congress. * Berthold, P., Mohr, G., & Querner, U. (1994). Quantitative genetics of migratory behaviour in the Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 257(1350), 311-315. * Pulido, F., & Berthold, P. (1998). Evolutionary quantitative genetics of migratory behaviour in the Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla). Biology and Conservation of Fauna, 102, 206-211. * Pulido, F., Berthold, P., & van Noordwijk, A. J. (1996). Frequency of migrants and migratory activity are genetically correlated in a bird population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(25), 14602-14607. * Peterson, M. P., et al. (2023). Association of Adcyap1 and CLOCK gene polymorphisms with the migratory phenotype in avian species. Journal of Avian Biology, PMC10297951. * Gu, Z., Zhan, X., Bruford, M. W., et al. (2021). Climate change facilitates the formation and maintenance of peregrine falcon migration routes. Nature, 591, 259-264. * Dalton, D. L., & Le Clercq, L. S. I. (2024). Time trees and Clock genes: a Systematic Review and Comparative Analysis of contemporary Avian Migration Genetics. Teesside University Research Portal. * Gu, Z., Zhan, X., et al. (2021). Whole genome sequencing of Falco peregrinus reveals ADCY8 associated with migratory distance. Nature News. * van der Wal, J. E. M., Begg, C. M., Begg, K. S., & Spottiswoode, C. N. (2023). Do honey badgers and greater honeyguide birds cooperate to access bees' nests? Ecological evidence and honey-hunter accounts. Journal of Zoology, 321, Article 1. * Kuang et al. 2025. Why do Cattle Egrets forage with cattle? An analysis from an anti-predation perspective. Behavioural Processes 228.10 5202. DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2025.105202

我们从平常的简单观察和从诗词歌赋里了解到的，鸟儿就是成双成对，忠贞不二的。其实啊，鸟界的“爱情”，本质上是一场场关于能量、基因和生存的精密计算。 咱们别再羡慕朱鹮的“白头偕老”了。当年就剩下了7只的朱鹮能绝地求生，能靠深情解决么？那就是因为高昂的育儿成本逼出来的“双亲合作KPI”。一旦单飞了，娃就得凉凉。在人工繁育基地里，为了防止近亲繁殖导致的一些问题，工作人员还得强行给它们“办离婚”，按DNA档案重新“包办婚姻”。 至于咱们传统文化里的“爱情鸟”鸳鸯，就更颠覆咱们认知了。什么双宿双飞，白头偕老，雄鸟在雌鸟下蛋后就立马“离家出走”，雌鸟也不省心，也是个厚黑的主儿，有时候也会发生巢寄生的行为。 还有中华攀雀，一个钢镚儿沉的小鸟，在繁殖期要面对着“囚徒困境”。为了能多生一窝，爹妈随时准备跑路，导致16%的巢直接变成“双弃巢”。在鸟类世界里，没有海誓山盟，只有“演化博弈”和“适合度最大化”。听完这期，估计你可能无法直视公园里的那些秀“恩爱”的鸟了。 参考文献： * Tsai, W. L. E., et al. (2022). Genome assembly and evolutionary analysis of the Mandarin Duck Aix galericulata reveal strong genome conservation among ducks. Genome Biology and Evolution, 14(6), evac083. DOI：10.1093/gbe/evac083 * Hoi, H., Schleicher, B., & Valera, F. (1994). Female mate choice and nest desertion in penduline tits, Remiz pendulinus: the importance of nest quality. Animal Behaviour, 48(4), 743–746. DOI：10.1006/anbe.1994.1299 * Valera, F., Hoi, H., & Kristin, A. (1997). Male mate guarding in penduline tits: costs, outcomes and future decisions. Animal Behaviour, 54(4), 917–926. DOI：10.1006/anbe.1997.0497 * Pogany, A., et al. (2002). The effect of the availability of females on desertions by males in the Eurasian penduline tit. Behaviour, 139(9), 1147–1163. * 江航东, 等 (2010). 中华攀雀繁殖生物学研究. 动物学研究. [具体卷期信息请在中国知网核实] * Hoi, H., & Valera, F. (2004). Nest design and intraspecific competition in penduline tits. Journal of Field Ornithology, 75(1), 98–103. * James, H. F., et al. (2003). Pseudopodoces humilis, a misclassified terrestrial tit (Paridae) of the Tibetan Plateau. Ibis, 145(2), 185–202. DOI：10.1046/j.1474-919X.2003.00170.x * Liu, Y., et al. (2023). No evidence for heritability of extra-pair mating behavior in a cooperatively breeding bird (Pseudopodoces humilis). ResearchGate preprint / Behavioral Ecology. DOI: 10.1038/s41437-025-00796-4 * Lu, X., et al. (2011). Nest site selection, cavity insulation and breeding performance in a ground-nesting passerine, the Tibetan ground tit Pseudopodoces humilis. Ibis, 153(3), 679–684. DOI：10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01140.x * Yang, H. Y., et al. (2023). Migration ecology and protection of stopover sites of the Whimbrels along China's coastal wetlands. Avian Research, 14, 100086. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100086 * Piersma, T., & Baker, A. J. (2000). Life history characteristics and the conservation of migratory shorebirds. In Gosling, M., & Sutherland, W. (Eds.), Behaviour and Conservation (pp. 105–124). Cambridge University Press. * Szekely, T., et al. (1999). Breeding systems and parental behaviour in shorebirds: insights from the Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus. Journal of Ornithology, 140(suppl), 61. * Stenzel, L. E., et al. (1994). Long-distance mate fidelity and annual breeding effort in Snowy Plovers. The Auk, 111(2), 332–342. DOI: 10.2307/4088598 * Culina, A., et al. (2021). No evidence for immediate fitness benefits of within-season divorces in socially monogamous birds. PLOS ONE, 16(4), e0249890. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249890 * Murray, N. J., et al. (2014). Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 12(5), 267–272. DOI: 10.1890/130260 BGM： 片头： My Lover's Gone - Dido | No Angel 1999 片尾：Thank You - Dido | No Angel 1999 朱鹮：陈绍龙 鸳鸯：Анна Голубева 中华攀雀和毛茸茸的小窝：图片来源于网络

我们进入人类世的喧嚣，已经成了鸟类的“沉默危机”。从工业革命起，人源噪音（交通占43%、城市占24%）重塑了自然声景。有科学家在新墨西哥州的实验显示：噪音区鸟类物种减少了三分之一，但留下的黑颏北蜂鸟反而因为天敌西丛鸦撤离，繁殖成功率上升了。 噪音像筛子一样，选出了不同的受众，重组生态。为了应对噪音，鸟类就只能各显神通了，或者是提高音量，但是可能增加被捕食风险；或者是改变频率，大山雀将鸣叫频率从低频调至高频，避开汽车噪音；在澳大利亚的灰胸绣眼鸟甚至演化出基因层面的叫声改变；还有的鸟干脆提前黎明合唱躲开早高峰。 噪音还会引发连锁反应：西丛鸦避噪致单叶松种子传播中断，幼苗数量骤降76%；而蜂鸟增多让红花授粉率提升5倍，生态失衡显现。中国研究更发现噪音与光污染协同，导致鸟类繁殖周期紊乱。 值得庆幸的是，解决方案已在实践：欧盟划定自然“安静区”；江湛铁路建成全球首例高铁全封闭声屏障，用吸声板和橡胶减震，让鹭鸟栖息地噪音控制在50分贝以下，雀鸟反而增加了几千只。保护鸟鸣，就是守护我们自身的心理健康和生态未来。 怕闹腾的西丛鸦 重金属爱好者 - 家朱雀 硬核摇滚乐迷 - 黑颏北蜂鸟 参考文献： * Noise Pollution Changes Avian Communities and Species Interactions | DOI：10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.052 * Trait-mediated effects of anthropogenic noise on bird behaviour and fitness | DOI：10.1098/rspb.2025.2521 * Effects of nature experience on mental well-being and physiological stress parameters in an experimental bird walk setting -the role of bird song | DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2025.105456 * Exploring the relationship between bird diversity and anxiety and mood disorder hospitalisation rates | DOI:10.1002/geo2.127 * What is the evidence for the impacts of airborne anthropogenic noise on wildlife? A systematic map update | DOI10.1186/s13750-025-00368-3 * Noise pollution alters ecological services: enhanced pollination and disrupted seed dispersal | DOI:10.1098/rspb.2012.0230 * Long-term noise pollution affects seedling recruitment and community composition, with negative effects persisting after removal | DOI:10.1098/rspb.2020.2906 * Strategies of song adaptation to urban noise in the house finch: Syllable pitch plasticity or differential syllable use? | DOI:10.1163/156853909X423104 * Impact of noise pollution on avian behaviour | DOI:10.22271/j.ento.2025.v13.i5b.9612 * Policy Brief: Preventing the harmful effects of anthropogenic noise on biodiversity | produced as part of the Horizon Europe PLAN-B project (Grant Agreement No. 101135308) in collaboration with its sister project AquaPLAN (Grant Agreement No. 101135471). 所有图片来源于网络 背景音乐：光 - 艾热孜巴

我们现在的年轻人会按照自己的喜好改造房间，有个词，叫适我化。鸟类在筑巢的时候其实也会“适我化改造”。从简简单单的几根树枝到非洲沙漠里的集体公寓，它们的巢穴从来不是为了美观，就是为了对环境精准应答。 城市里就地取材的珠颈斑鸠，极简到凑合的鸻鹬类，巢只够固定一枚蛋的凤头雨燕，会搭如意伸缩巢的长尾山雀，“凿墙打洞”的啄木鸟。他们有各自的生活，自己的空间，和独特的巢。 对鸟类来说，巢是他们身体的延伸，是写给生存的答案。这个繁殖季，您要是在野外遇到鸟巢，请保持距离，因为那是它们今年最重要的工程。 随随便便的珠颈斑鸠 鸻鹬类的地面巢里的两颗蛋 攀雀在自己的小窝里，满满滴安全感 长尾山雀的神奇魔法家 群织雀的大公寓 大塚雉的.....孵化器 参考文献： * (2021). Secondhand homes: The multilayered influence of woodpeckers as ecosystem engineers. Ecology and Evolution, 11(16), 11425–11439. (10 📊). * Lowney, A. M., & Thomson, R. L. (2022). Ecological engineering across a spatial gradient: Sociable weaver colonies facilitate animal associations with increasing environmental harshness. Journal of Animal Ecology, 91(7), 1385–1399. (18 📊). * Orwin, K. H., Wardle, D. A., Towns, D. R., St. John, M. G., Bellingham, P. J., Jones, C., Fitzgerald, B. M., Parrish, R. G., & Lyver, P. O. (2016). Burrowing seabird effects on invertebrate communities in soil and litter are dominated by ecosystem engineering rather than nutrient addition. Oecologia, 180(1), 217–230. (27 📊). * Seymour, R. S., & Bradford, D. F. (1992). Temperature Regulation in the Incubation Mounds of the Australian Brush-Turkey. The Condor, 94(1), 134–150. (26 📊). 背景音乐 谭咏麟 - 讲不出再见 商务合作及听友群请＋V：hotpeaker

你知道吗，我们哺乳动物引以为傲的哺乳能力，其实鸽子也有。鸽子能分泌“鸽乳”来养刚出生的娃。别觉得奇怪，虽然鸽乳不是由乳腺产生的，可是那也是营养值拉满的“幼鸟口粮” 鸽乳的营养高度浓缩，干重中约60%是蛋白质，还富含脂肪、生长因子和免疫球蛋白。不仅能给雏鸽提供生长所必需的营养，还能传递被动免疫、帮助小鸽子建立肠道菌群并且调节免疫系统的发育，在功能上和我们哺乳动物的乳汁有趋同演化特征。 还有一个和哺乳动物不同的地方，鸽子是爸妈全能“产奶”。他们这种双亲合作的育雏策略能大幅提高了后代存活率，是鸽子适应多样环境的关键。 有意思的漫画 别抢啊，我这还没吐出来呢.... 放飞 雪儿阿米 勋章属于雪儿阿米 听友群请您加V：hotpeaker

杜鹃以他们独特的“巢寄生”方式进行繁衍，把蛋生在其他鸟类的巢里，由宿主抚养。而且他们的幼鸟也会把养父母的雏鸟给推出到巢外，他们的这个行为虽然引人反感，可是确实是自然选择的生存策略。 除了“不负责任”的繁殖方式以外，杜鹃还是杰出的“森林卫士”。它们擅长捕食很多鸟类避之不及的有毒毛毛虫，比如松毛虫。因为他们砂囊内壁的特殊，能裹住毒毛并且定期脱落更新，一天可消灭上千只害虫，对控制林业虫害至关重要。 在东西方的文化里，杜鹃的形象也非常复杂，他们既是催耕的“布谷鸟”，也会带着负面的寓意。我们只从生态的视角看，它们既是“投机”的寄生者，也是尽职的捕虫能手。这就提醒我们，自然界是不能以简单的“好坏”来评判，每一个物种都在他们各自的生态位上扮演着复杂角色。 金鹃 毛毛毛虫 树荨麻 胶叶镂空虫 嘴里叼着的...毛毛虫 我们的听友群：hotpeaker 参考文献： * Garcia Espluga, B., & Garcia-Readigos, M. A. (2020). Invasive box-tree moth Cydalima perspectalis, a new food resource for Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius. Revista Catalana d'Ornitologia, 36, 70-73. * Morelli, F., Benedetti, Y., & Møller, A. P. (2020). Diet specialization and brood parasitism in cuckoo species. Ecology and Evolution, 10(12), 1-10. * Te Papa Blog. (2017). Cuckoos and their toxic prey – ‘urticated’ inside and out. BGM： 片头：Yesterday (Arr. for Solo Cello) - 克利斯汀-皮耶・拉马尔 片尾：One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest (Closing Theme) [50th Anniversary / Remastered 2025] - Jack Nitzsche

美君博士和子义在这期节目中会带我们走进了一个科学和魔法交织的世界。子义是一位有着丰富野外经验的鸟类保护工作者，也曾经参加了被誉为“神话之鸟”的中华凤头燕鸥保护项目。他也是一位科普作家协会的会员，为少年得到撰写了魔法生物课的节目。 今天美君博士和子义就一起解读下魔法世界里的神奇生物。 子义的小红书：故事新编（Bluemagpie） 听友群请加V：hotpeaker