Article 626 A buyer shall make payment in accordance with the agreed amount and method of payment. where there is no agreement between the parties on the amount of price or the method of payment, or the agreement is unclear, the provisions of Article 510 and Subparagraph (2) and (5) of Article 511 of this Code shall be applied. 第六百二十六条 买受人应当按照约定的数额和支付方式支付价款。对价款的数额和支付方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第五百一十条、第五百一十一条第二项和第五项的规定。 Article 627 A buyer shall make payment at the place agreed in the contract. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the place of payment, or the agreement is unclear, if the place cannot be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the buyer shall make the payment at the seller’s place of business, except that payment shall be made at the place where the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof is delivered if the payment is conditioned upon the delivery of the subject matter. 第六百二十七条 买受人应当按照约定的地点支付价款。对支付地点没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在出卖人的营业地支付；但是，约定支付价款以交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证为条件的，在交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证的所在地支付。 Article 628 A buyer shall make payment at the time agreed in the contract. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the time for payment, or the agreement is unclear, if the time for payment cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the buyer shall make payment at the same time as it receives the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof. 第六百二十八条 买受人应当按照约定的时间支付价款。对支付时间没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在收到标的物或者提取标的物单证的同时支付。 Article 629 Where the amount of the subject matter delivered by a seller exceeds the agreed amount, the buyer may accept or refuse to accept the excessive part. Where the buyer accepts the excessive part, it shall pay for it at the price agreed in the contract. If the buyer refuses to accept the excessive part, he shall notify the seller in a timely manner. 第六百二十九条 出卖人多交标的物的，买受人可以接收或者拒绝接收多交的部分。买受人接收多交部分的，按照约定的价格支付价款；买受人拒绝接收多交部分的，应当及时通知出卖人。 Article 630 Any proceeds accrued from the subject matter before delivery shall belong to the seller and any proceeds accrued from the subject matter after delivery shall belong to the buyer, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. 第六百三十条 标的物在交付之前产生的孳息，归出卖人所有；交付之后产生的孳息，归买受人所有。但是，当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 631 Where a contract is rescinded due to the inconformity of the principal subject matter with the agreed requirements, the effect of the rescission shall be effective against the accessory subject matter. Where a contract is rescinded due to the inconformity of the accessory subject matter with the agreed requirements, the effect of the rescission shall be effective against the principal subject matter. 第六百三十一条 因标的物的主物不符合约定而解除合同的，解除合同的效力及于从物。因标的物的从物不符合约定被解除的，解除的效力不及于主物。 Article 632 Where the object of a contract is composed of several subject matters, if one of them fails to conform to the requirements agreed in the contract, the buyer may rescind the part of the contract in connection with that subject matter. However, where separation of the said subject matter from the other subject matters is to markedly harm the value of the subject matters of the contract, the buyer may rescind the contract in connection with the multiple subject matters concerned. 第六百三十二条 标的物为数物，其中一物不符合约定的，买受人可以就该物解除。但是，该物与他物分离使标的物的价值显受损害的，买受人可以就数物解除合同。 Article 633 Where the subject matters are to be delivered by installment, if a seller fails to deliver one lot of the subject matters, or has delivered the lot in a manner not in conformity with the agreement, so that the purpose of the contract in connection with the said lot cannot be achieved, the buyer may rescind the part of the contract in connection with the said lot. Where a seller fails to deliver one lot of the subject matters, or delivered the lot in a manner not in conformity with the agreement, so that the subsequent delivery of the remaining lots cannot achieve the purpose of the contract, the buyer may rescind the part of the contract in connection with the said lot and the remaining lots. Where a buyer has rescinded a part of the contract in connection with one lot of the subject matters, if the said lot and any other lot are interdependent on each other, the buyer may rescind the contract in connection with all the lots disregarding whether they have been delivered or not. 第六百三十三条 出卖人分批交付标的物的，出卖人对其中一批标的物不交付或者交付不符合约定，致使该批标的物不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以就该批标的物解除。 出卖人不交付其中一批标的物或者交付不符合约定，致使之后其他各批标的物的交付不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以就该批以及之后其他各批标的物解除。 买受人如果就其中一批标的物解除，该批标的物与其他各批标的物相互依存的，可以就已经交付和未交付的各批标的物解除。

Article 587 After a debtor has performed his obligation, the earnest money shall be calculated as part of the price or be refunded. Where a party paying the earnest money fails to perform his obligation or fails to perform it in conformity with the agreement, so that the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved, he is not entitled to request refund of the earnest money. Where a party receiving the earnest money fails to perform his obligation or fails to perform it in conformity with the agreement, so that the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved, he shall refund twice the amount of the earnest money to the other party. 第五百八十七条 债务人履行债务的，定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，致使不能实现合同目的的，无权请求返还定金；收受定金的一方不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，致使不能实现合同目的的，应当双倍返还定金。 Article 588 Where the parties agree on both liquidated damages and earnest money, when a party defaults, the other party may choose to apply either the clause on the liquidated damages or the clause on the earnest money. Where the earnest money is not sufficient to compensate the losses caused by one party’s default, the other party may request compensation for the losses in excess of the amount of the earnest money. 第五百八十八条 当事人既约定违约金，又约定定金的，一方违约时，对方可以选择适用违约金或者定金条款。 定金不足以弥补一方违约造成的损失的，对方可以请求赔偿超过定金数额的损失。 Article 589 Where a debtor performs his obligation in accordance with the agreement, and the creditor refuses to accept the performance without just cause, the debtor may request the creditor to compensate for any additional expenses. The debtor does not need to pay interests for the period of delay in acceptance by the creditor. 第五百八十九条 债务人按照约定履行债务，债权人无正当理由拒绝受领的，债务人可以请求债权人赔偿增加的费用。 在债权人受领迟延期间，债务人无须支付利息。 Article 590 Where a party is unable to perform the contract due to force majeure, he shall be exempted from liability in whole or in part according to the impact of the force majeure, unless otherwise provided by law. The party unable to perform the contract due to force majeure shall promptly notify the other party to mitigate the losses that may be caused to the other party, and shall provide proof of the force majeure within a reasonable period of time. Where the force majeure occurs after a party’s delay in performance, such party’s default liability shall not be exempted. 第五百九十条 当事人一方因不可抗力不能履行合同的，根据不可抗力的影响，部分或者全部免除责任，但是法律另有规定的除外。因不可抗力不能履行合同的，应当及时通知对方，以减轻可能给对方造成的损失，并应当在合理期限内提供证明。 当事人迟延履行后发生不可抗力的，不免除其违约责任。 Article 591 After a party defaults, the other party shall take appropriate measures to prevent further loss. Where the loss is aggravated due to the failure of taking appropriate measures, no compensation shall be claimed for the aggravated part of the losses. The reasonable expenses incurred by a party in preventing the aggravation of the loss shall be borne by the breaching party. 第五百九十一条 当事人一方违约后，对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大；没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，不得就扩大的损失请求赔偿。 当事人因防止损失扩大而支出的合理费用，由违约方负担。 Article 592 Where both parties default, each shall bear corresponding liabilities. Where one party’s default causes loss to the other party, and the other party’s fault contributes to the occurrence of such loss, the amount of compensation may be mitigated accordingly. 第五百九十二条 当事人都违反合同的，应当各自承担相应的责任。 当事人一方违约造成对方损失，对方对损失的发生有过错的，可以减少相应的损失赔偿额。 Article 593 A party who breaches a contract due to a third person’s reason shall bear default liability to the other party in accordance with law. The dispute between the breaching party and the third person shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of law or their agreement. 第五百九十三条 当事人一方因第三人的原因造成违约的，应当依法向对方承担违约责任。当事人一方和第三人之间的纠纷，依照法律规定或者按照约定处理。 Article 594 The limitation period for filing a lawsuit or applying for arbitration on a dispute arising from a contract for international sale of goods and a contract for the import and export of technology is four years. 第五百九十四条 因国际货物买卖合同和技术进出口合同争议提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的时效期间为四年。 Part Two Typical Contracts第二分编 典型合同Chapter IX Sales Contracts 第九章 买卖合同Article 595 A sales contract is a contract under which a seller transfers his ownership over the subject matter to a buyer who pays the price in return. 第五百九十五条 买卖合同是出卖人转移标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。Article 596 A sales contract generally contains clauses specifying the name, quantity, quality, and price of the subject matter, the time period, place, and method of performance, the packaging, the standard and methods for inspection, the mode of settlement, the language used in the contract, the validity thereof, and the like. 第五百九十六条 买卖合同的内容一般包括标的物的名称、数量、质量、价款、履行期限、履行地点和方式、包装方式、检验标准和方法、结算方式、合同使用的文字及其效力等条款。

Article 564 Where a time limit for exercising the right to rescind the contract is provided by law or agreed by the parties, if the parties have not exercised such right upon expiration of the period, such a right shall be extinguished. Where no time limit for exercising the right to rescind the contract is provided by law or agreed by the parties, such a right shall be extinguished if the party with the right to rescission does not exercise such right within one year after he knows or should have known the causes for rescission, or within a reasonable period of time after being demanded by the other party. 第五百六十四条 法律规定或者当事人约定解除权行使期限，期限届满当事人不行使的，该权利消灭。 法律没有规定或者当事人没有约定解除权行使期限，自解除权人知道或者应当知道解除事由之日起一年内不行使，或者经对方催告后在合理期限内不行使的，该权利消灭。 Article 565 Where one of the parties requests to rescind the contract in accordance with law, the other party shall be duly notified. The contract shall be rescinded at the time the notice reaches the other party, or, where the notice states that the contract shall beautomatically rescinded if the debtor fails to perform his obligation within a specified period of time, the contrct shall be rescinded when the debtor fails to perform the obligation upon expiration of such specified period of time. Where the other party has objections to the rescission of the contract, either party may request the people's court or an arbitration institution to determine the validity of the rescission. Where one of the parties, without notifying the other party, requests the rescission of the contract by directly filing a lawsuit or applying for arbitration in accordance with law, and the people’s court or arbitration institution confirms such request, the contract shall be rescinded when a duplicated copy of the complaint or the application letter for arbitration is served on the other party. 第五百六十五条 当事人一方依法主张解除合同的，应当通知对方。合同自通知到达对方时解除；通知载明债务人在一定期限内不履行债务则合同自动解除，债务人在该期限内未履行债务的，合同自通知载明的期限届满时解除。对方对解除合同有异议的，任何一方当事人均可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构确认解除行为的效力。 当事人一方未通知对方，直接以提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的方式依法主张解除合同，人民法院或者仲裁机构确认该主张的，合同自起诉状副本或者仲裁申请书副本送达对方时解除。 Article 566 After a contract is rescinded, where the obligations have not yet been performed, the performance shall cease; where the obligations have already been performed, the parties may, taking into account the performance status and the nature of the contract, request restoration to the original status or other remedial measures taken, and have the right to request for compensation for losses. Where a contract is rescinded due to a default, the party with the right to rescind the contract may request the breaching party to bear default liability, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. After the principal contract is rescinded, a security provider shall still be obligated to secure the debtor’s liability, unless otherwise agreed in the security contract. 第五百六十六条 合同解除后，尚未履行的，终止履行；已经履行的，根据履行情况和合同性质，当事人可以请求恢复原状或者采取其他补救措施，并有权请求赔偿损失。 合同因违约解除的，解除权人可以请求违约方承担违约责任，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 主合同解除后，担保人对债务人应当承担的民事责任仍应当承担担保责任，但是担保合同另有约定的除外。 Article 567 Termination of the relationship of rights and obligations under a contract does not affect the validity of the contract clauses regarding settlement and liquidation. 第五百六十七条 合同的权利义务关系终止，不影响合同中结算和清理条款的效力。 Article 568 Where the parties mutually owe obligations to each other, and the subject matter of the obligations are of the same kind and quality, any party may offset his obligation against the due obligation of the other party, unless the obligation cannot be offset by virture of the nature of the obligations, or in accordance with the agreements by the parties or the provisions of law. A party who claims a set-off shall notify the other party. The notice shall become effective when it reaches the other party. No conditions or time limit may be attached to the set-off. 第五百六十八条 当事人互负债务，该债务的标的物种类、品质相同的，任何一方可以将自己的债务与对方的到期债务抵销；但是，根据债务性质、按照当事人约定或者依照法律规定不得抵销的除外。 当事人主张抵销的，应当通知对方。通知自到达对方时生效。抵销不得附条件或者附期限。 Article 569 Where the parties mutually owe obligations to each other and the subject matter of the obligations are not of the same kind or quality, the obligations may also be offset upon agreement by the parties through consultation. 第五百六十九条 当事人互负债务，标的物种类、品质不相同的，经协商一致，也可以抵销。

Article 531 A creditor may reject the debtor’s partial performance of the obligation, unless the partial performance is not detrimental to the interests of the creditor. Any additional expenses incurred to the creditor due to the debtor’s partial performance of the obligation shall be borne by the debtor. 第五百三十一条 债权人可以拒绝债务人部分履行债务，但是部分履行不损害债权人利益的除外。 债务人部分履行债务给债权人增加的费用，由债务人负担。 Article 532 After a contract becomes effective, any party shall not fail to perform its contractual obligations on the ground that either party’s name or entity name, legal representative, the responsible person, or the person handling the contract has been changed. 第五百三十二条 合同生效后，当事人不得因姓名、名称的变更或者法定代表人、负责人、承办人的变动而不履行合同义务。 Article 533 After a contract is formed, where a fundamental condition upon which the contract is concluded is significantly changed which are unforeseeable by the parties upon conclusion of the contract and which is not one of the commercial risks, if continuing performance of the contract is obviously unfair to one of the parties, the party that is adversely affected may re-negotiate with the other party; where such an agreement cannot be reached within a reasonable period of time, the parties may request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to rectify or rescind the contract. The people’s court or an arbitration institution shall rectify or rescind the contract in compliance with the principle of fairness, taking into account the actual circumstances of the case. 第五百三十三条 合同成立后，合同的基础条件发生了当事人在订立合同时无法预见的、不属于商业风险的重大变化，继续履行合同对于当事人一方明显不公平的，受不利影响的当事人可以与对方重新协商；在合理期限内协商不成的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者解除合同。 人民法院或者仲裁机构应当结合案件的实际情况，根据公平原则变更或者解除合同。 Article 534 Where the parties take advantage of the contract to commit an act that endangers the State’s interests and public interests, the market regulatory authority and other relevant administrative authorities shall be responsible for supervising and handling it in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations. 第五百三十四条 对当事人利用合同实施危害国家利益、社会公共利益行为的，市场监督管理和其他有关行政主管部门依照法律、行政法规的规定负责监督处理。 Chapter V Preservation of Contracts 第五章 合同的保全 Article 535 Where a debtor’s right against a counterparty, or an accessory right related thereto, has not been claimed against the counterparty owing to the debtor’s indolence, and the enforcement of the creditor’s due claim is thus adversely affected, the creditor may request the people's court to allow him to exercise by subrogation the debtor's claim against the counterparty of the debtor in his own name, unless such claim belongs exclusively to the debtor himself. The scope of the right of subrogation is limited to the creditor's due claim. The necessary expenses for the creditor to exercise the right of subrogation shall be borne by the debtor. The counterparty’s defenses against the debtor may be asserted against the creditor. 第五百三十五条 因债务人怠于行使其债权或者与该债权有关的从权利，影响债权人的到期债权实现的，债权人可以向人民法院请求以自己的名义代位行使债务人对相对人的权利，但是该权利专属于债务人自身的除外。 代位权的行使范围以债权人的到期债权为限。债权人行使代位权的必要费用，由债务人负担。 相对人对债务人的抗辩，可以向债权人主张。 Article 536 Prior to the due date of the creditor’s claim, where there exists a circumstance under which the limitation period for the debtor’s principal claim or an accessory claim related thereto is to expire, or the debtor fails to timely declare his claim in a bankruptcy proceeding, and the enforcement of the creditor’s claim is thus adversely affected, the creditor may, by subrogation, request the counterparty of the debtor to perform his obligation to the debtor, declare the debtor’s claim to the bankruptcy administrator, or take other necessary acts. 第五百三十六条 债权人的债权到期前，债务人的债权或者与该债权有关的从权利存在诉讼时效期间即将届满或者未及时申报破产债权等情形，影响债权人的债权实现的，债权人可以代位向债务人的相对人请求其向债务人履行、向破产管理人申报或者作出其他必要的行为。 Article 537 Where the people’s court determines that the right of subrogation has been established, the counterparty of the debtor shall perform the obligation to the creditor. After the performance is accepted by the creditor, the corresponding rights and obligations between the creditor and the debtor, and those between the debtor and the counterparty, are terminated. Where the debtor’s claim or an accessory claim related thereto against the counterparty is subject to preservation or enforcement measures, or where the debtor becomes bankrupt, it shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the relevant laws. 第五百三十七条 人民法院认定代位权成立的，由债务人的相对人向债权人履行义务，债权人接受履行后，债权人与债务人、债务人与相对人之间相应的权利义务终止。债务人对相对人的债权或者与该债权有关的从权利被采取保全、执行措施，或者债务人破产的，依照相关法律的规定处理。

Article 512 Where the object of an electronic contract concluded through internet or other information network is the delivery of goods and the goods are to be delivered by express delivery services, the time of delivery is the time of acknowledging receipt of the goods by the recipient. Where the object of the said electronic contract is the provision of services, the time for provision of the service is the time stated in the automatic generated electronic certificate or physical certificate. Where there is no time stated in such a certificate or the time stated therein is inconsistent with the actual time for provision of the service, the actual time for provision of the service shall prevail. Where the subject matter of the said electronic contract is delivered by online transmission, the time of delivery is the time when the subject matter of the contract enters the specific system designated by the other party and can be searched and identified. Where the parties to the said electronic contract agree otherwise on the mode and time of delivery of goods or provision of services, such agreement shall be complied with. 第五百一十二条 通过互联网等信息网络订立的电子合同的标的为交付商品并采用快递物流方式交付的，收货人的签收时间为交付时间。电子合同的标的为提供服务的，生成的电子凭证或者实物凭证中载明的时间为提供服务时间；前述凭证没有载明时间或者载明时间与实际提供服务时间不一致的，以实际提供服务的时间为准。 电子合同的标的物为采用在线传输方式交付的，合同标的物进入对方当事人指定的特定系统且能够检索识别的时间为交付时间。 电子合同当事人对交付商品或者提供服务的方式、时间另有约定的，按照其约定。 Article 513 Where a government-set or government-guided price is adopted in a contract, if the said price is adjusted within the delivery period stipulated in the contract, the contract price shall be the price as adjusted at the time of delivery. Where an overdue delivery of the subject matter occurs, the contract price shall be the original price if the price rises at the time of delivery, or the price as adjusted if the price falls at the time of delivery. Where a delayed delivery of the subject matter or an overdue payment occurs, the contract price shall be the price as adjusted if the price rises, or the original price if the price falls. 第五百一十三条 执行政府定价或者政府指导价的，在合同约定的交付期限内政府价格调整时，按照交付时的价格计价。逾期交付标的物的，遇价格上涨时，按照原价格执行；价格下降时，按照新价格执行。逾期提取标的物或者逾期付款的，遇价格上涨时，按照新价格执行；价格下降时，按照原价格执行。 Article 514 Where an obligation is payment of money, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties, the creditor may request the debtor to perform the obligation by the lawful currency of the place of actual performance. 第五百一十四条 以支付金钱为内容的债，除法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定外，债权人可以请求债务人以实际履行地的法定货币履行。 Article 515 Where a contract has multiple objects and the debtor is required to perform only one of them, the debtor has the right of choice to choose the object to perform, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties, or otherwise determined by the course of dealing. Where the party with the right of choice fails to make the choice within the agreed period or upon expiration of the period of performance, and still fails to make the choice within a reasonable period of time after being demanded, the right of choice shall be shifted to the other party. 第五百一十五条 标的有多项而债务人只需履行其中一项的，债务人享有选择权；但是，法律另有规定、当事人另有约定或者另有交易习惯的除外。 享有选择权的当事人在约定期限内或者履行期限届满未作选择，经催告后在合理期限内仍未选择的，选择权转移至对方。 Article 516 A party shall promptly notify the other party when exercising the right of choice, and the object of the contract to be performed shall be ascertained at the time when such notice reaches the other party. The ascertained object shall not be changed, unless otherwise consented to by the other party. Where one of the objects available for choice becomes impossible to perform, the party with the right of choice shall not choose such object to perform, unless the impossibility to perform is caused by the other party. 第五百一十六条 当事人行使选择权应当及时通知对方，通知到达对方时，标的确定。标的确定后不得变更，但是经对方同意的除外。 可选择的标的发生不能履行情形的，享有选择权的当事人不得选择不能履行的标的，但是该不能履行的情形是由对方造成的除外。 Article 517 Where there are two or more creditors, if the object is divisible and each creditor is entitled to the claim in proportion to his own share, then the claim is a claim by share; where there are two or more debtors, if the object is divisible and each debtor assumes the obligation in proportion to his own share, then the obligation is an obligation by share. Where it is difficult to determine the share among the creditors with a claim by share or the debtors with an obligation by share, each is deemed to have or assume an equal share. 第五百一十七条 债权人为二人以上，标的可分，按照份额各自享有债权的，为按份债权；债务人为二人以上，标的可分，按照份额各自负担债务的，为按份债务。 按份债权人或者按份债务人的份额难以确定的，视为份额相同。

Article 490 Where the parties conclude a contract in the form of a written agreement, the contract is formed at the time when the parties all sign, stamp, or put their fingerprints on the memorandum. Prior to signing, stamping, or putting their fingerprints thereon, where one of the parties has already performed the principal obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed at the time of such acceptance. Where a contract is required to be concluded in writing in accordance with laws or administrative regulations or agreed by the parties and the parties fail to make the contract in writing, if one of the parties has already performed the principal obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed at the time of such acceptance. 第四百九十条 当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，自当事人均签名、盖章或者按指印时合同成立。在签名、盖章或者按指印之前，当事人一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受时，该合同成立。 法律、行政法规规定或者当事人约定合同应当采用书面形式订立，当事人未采用书面形式但是一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受时，该合同成立。 Article 491 Where the parties conclude a contract in the form of a letter, data message, or the like, and a confirmation letter is required to be signed, the contract is formed when the confirmation letter is signed. Where the information about goods or services published by a party via information network, such as internet, conforms to the conditions for an offer, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, a contract is formed at the time when the other party chooses such product or service and successfully submits the order. 第四百九十一条 当事人采用信件、数据电文等形式订立合同要求签订确认书的，签订确认书时合同成立。 当事人一方通过互联网等信息网络发布的商品或者服务信息符合要约条件的，对方选择该商品或者服务并提交订单成功时合同成立，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 492 The place where an acceptance becomes effective is the place where the contract is formed. Where a contract is concluded in the form of data message, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the recipient’s principal place of business is the place where the contract is formed; in the absence of a principal place of business, the recipient’s domicile is the place where the contract is formed. 第四百九十二条 承诺生效的地点为合同成立的地点。 采用数据电文形式订立合同的，收件人的主营业地为合同成立的地点；没有主营业地的，其住所地为合同成立的地点。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。 Article 493 Where the parties conclude a contract in the form of a memorandum of contract, unless otherwise agreed by them, the place where the contract is finally signed, stemped, or fingerprinted is the place where the contract is formed. 第四百九十三条 当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，最后签名、盖章或者按指印的地点为合同成立的地点，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 494 Where the State issues a State purchase order or a mandatory assignment in accordance with the needs such as emergency and disaster relief, pandemic prevention and control, or the like, the persons of the civil law concerned shall conclude a contract in accordance with the rights and obligations provided by the relevant laws and administrative regulations. The party that has an obligation to make an offer in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations shall make a reasonable offer in a timely manner. The party that has an obligation to make an acceptance in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations shall not reject the reasonable request of the other party to conclude a contract. 第四百九十四条 国家根据抢险救灾、疫情防控或者其他需要下达国家订货任务、指令性任务的，有关民事主体之间应当依照有关法律、行政法规规定的权利和义务订立合同。 依照法律、行政法规的规定负有发出要约义务的当事人，应当及时发出合理的要约。 依照法律、行政法规的规定负有作出承诺义务的当事人，不得拒绝对方合理的订立合同要求。 Article 495 A letter of subscription, letter of order, and letter of reservation, and the like, in which the parties agree to conclude a contract within a certain period of time in the future, constitutes a preliminary contract. Where one of the parties fails to perform the obligation to conclude a contract agreed in the preliminary contract, the other party may request such party to bear the liability for breach of the preliminary contract. 第四百九十五条 当事人约定在将来一定期限内订立合同的认购书、订购书、预订书等，构成预约合同。 当事人一方不履行预约合同约定的订立合同义务的，对方可以请求其承担预约合同的违约责任。

Part Five Possession Chapter XX. Possession Article 458 In the case of possession of immovable or movable property based on a contractual relationship, matters such as the use of the immovable or movable property, the benefits therefrom, and the default liability shall be subject to the agreement in the contract; where there is no agreement thereon in the contract or the agreement is unclear, the relevant provisions of laws shall be applied. Article 459 Where damage is caused to the immovable or movable property by its possessor as a result of use of the property, a mala fide possessor shall be liable for compensation. Article 460 Where an immovable or movable property is in the possession of another person, a person holding a right in the property may request the possessor to return the original property and its fruits and proceeds, provided that the necessary expenses incurred by a bona fide possessor for the maintenance of the immovable or movable property shall be paid. Article 461 Where the immovable or movable property in another person’s possession is destructed, damaged, or lost, and a person holding a right in the property requests for compensation, the possessor shall return to the right holder the amount of insurance payment, compensation or indemnity he has received for the property destructed, damaged, or lost; where the right holder has not been fully compensated, a possessor mala fide shall also compensate for the loss. Article 462 Where an immovable or movable property is trespassed or converted, its possessor is entitled to request restitution. Where there is a nuisance against the possession, the possessor has the right to request the removal of the nuisance or the elimination of the danger. Where damage is caused as a result of the trespass, conversion, or nuisance, the possessor has the right to request compensatory damages in accordance with law. The possessor’s right to request for restitution is extinguished if such a right has not been exercised within one year from the date the trespass or conversion occurs.

Article 430 A pledgee has the right to collect the fruits and proceeds accrued from the pledged property unless otherwise agreed in the contract. The fruits and proceeds as specified in the preceding paragraph shall first be applied to offset the expenses of collection of them. Article 431 A pledgee who, during the effective period of the pledge, uses or disposes of the pledged property without the consent of the pledgor and thus causes damage to the latter shall be liable for compensation. Article 432 A pledgee is obligated to well keep the pledged property, and shall be liable for compensation where the pledged property is destructed, damaged, or lost due to his improper custody. Where the pledgee’s act is likely to cause the pledged property to be destructed, damaged, or lost, the pledgor may request the pledgee to place the pledged property in escrow, or request the pledgee to discharge the obligation before it is due and return the pledged property. Article 433 Where, due to a cause the pledgee is not responsible for, the pledged property is likely to be damaged or significantly diminished in value which suffices to jeopardize the pledgee’s rights, the pledgee has the right to request the pledgor to provide additional security; where the pledgor fails to do so, the pledgee may have the pledged property sold at auction or in a sale and may, by agreement with the pledgor, apply the proceeds obtained from the auction or sale to discharge the obligation before it is due or place such proceeds in escrow. Article 434 A pledgee shall be liable for compensation where he, during the effective period of the pledge, repledges the pledged property without the consent of the pledgor to a third person and thus causes destruction, damage, or loss to the pledged property. Article 435 A pledgee may waive his right to the pledge. Where a debtor creates a pledge on his own property and the pledgee waives his right to the pledge, the other security providers shall be exempted from the security liability to the extent of the rights and interests of the pledgee that are forfeited owing to the waiver of his priority to be paid from the collateral, unless the other security providers are committed to still provide security.

Article 400 To create a mortgage, the parties shall enter into a mortgage contract in writing. A mortgage contract generally contains the following terms: (1) the type and amount of the secured claim; (2) the term during which the debtor shall perform obligations; (3) such particulars as the name and quantity of the mortgaged property; and (4) the scope of the security interest covered. Article 401 Where, prior to the due date of performance of an obligation, the mortgagee reaches an agreement with the mortgagor under which the mortgaged property belongs to the creditor in the event that the debtor fails to perform the obligation due, the mortgagee, regardless, may only have priority to be paid from the mortgaged property in accordance with law. Article 402 To create a mortgage on the property as specified in Subparagraphs (1) through(3) of the first paragraph of Article 395, or on the building under construction as specified in Subparagraph (5) of the first paragraph of this Code, registration shall be made for the mortgage. The mortgage shall be created upon registration. Article 403 A mortgage on movable property shall be created at the time when the mortgage contract enters into effect; without registration, such a mortgage may not be asserted against a bona fide third person. Article 404 A mortgage on movable property may not be asserted against a buyer who has paid a reasonable purchase price and acquired the mortgaged property in the ordinary course of business. Article 405 Where a mortgaged property has been let to and possessed by another person prior to creation of the mortgage, the lease relationship shall not be affected by the mortgage. Article 406 A mortgagor may transfer the mortgaged property to another person during the term of the mortgage unless otherwise agreed by the parties. The transfer of the mortgaged property shall not affect the mortgage. A mortgagor who transfers the mortgaged property to another person shall notify the mortgagee in a timely manner. The mortgagee may request the mortgagor to apply the proceeds of the transfer to pay off the obligation before it is due, or place such proceeds in escrow where he may establish that the transfer of the mortgaged property may impair his right to the mortgage. The portion of the proceeds obtained from the transfer in excess of the amount of the obligation owed shall belong to the mortgagor, while any deficiency shall be satisfied by the debtor.

Article 374 An easement is created at the time the easement contract enters into effect. Where the parties request for registration, applications may be filed with the registration authority for the registration of the easement; without registration, such an easement may not be asserted against a bona fide third person. Article 375 A right holder of the immovable property served as the servient land shall allow the person entitled to an easement to utilize the immovable property as agreed in the contract and may not interfere with the exercise of the right to easement by such person. Article 376 A person entitled to an easement shall utilize the servient land in accordance with the purposes and methods of utilization as agreed in the contract, and minimize restrictions on the real rights of the right holder in the servient land. Article 377 The duration of an easement shall be agreed upon by the parties, provided that it may not exceed the remaining term of the right to usufruct, such as the right to contractual management of land or the right to use a lot of land for construction purposes. Article 378 Where an owner of a lot of land is entitled to or is encumbered with an easement, when a right to usufruct, such as a right to contractual management of land or a right to use a house site is created on the lot of land, the usufructuary shall continue to be entitled to or be encumbered with the easement thereon that has already been created. Article 379 Where a right to usufruct, such as a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes, and a right to use a house site, has already been created on a lot of land, the owner of the lot of land may not create an easement on the lot without the consent of the usufructuary. Article 380 An easement may not be transferred separately. Where a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes and the like rights are transferred, the easement shall be transferred concomitantly, unless otherwise agreed in the contract. Article 381 An easement may not be mortgaged separately. Where a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes, and the like rights are mortgaged, the easement shall be transferred concomitantly upon enforcement of the mortgage. Article 382 Where a right to easement is involved when the dominant land and a right to contractual management of land, a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes, and the like rights thereon are partially transferred, the transferee is simultaneously entitled to the easement.

Article 340 Within the time limit as agreed in the contract, the person with the right to management of land is entitled to possess the rural land, to carry out agricultural production and operation on his own, and to benefit therefrom. Article 341 The right to management of land which is transferred for a term of five years or longer is created when the contract for the transfer enters into force. The parties may apply to the registration authority for registration of the right to management of land; without registration, such a right may not be asserted against a bona fide third person. Article 342 Where rural land is contracted by means including bidding, auction, or open negotiation, for which a title certificate is obtained through registration in accordance with law, the right to manage such land may, in accordance with law, be transferred by means of leasing, contributing it as shares, mortgaging, or by other means. Article 343 Where contractual management is adopted for the State-owned land that is used for agricultural purposes, the relevant provisions of this Book shall be applied mutatis mutandis. Chapter XII Right to Use Land for Construction Purposes Article 344 With respect to the State-owned land zoned for construction purposes, a person with the right to use a lot of such land is entitled to possess, use, and benefit from the lot, and to use it to construct buildings, structures, and auxiliary facilities. Article 345 The right to use a lot of land for construction purposes may be created separately on the surface of, above, or below the lot of land. Article 346 The right to use a lot of land for construction purposes shall be created in conformity with the requirements for conservation of resources and protection of the ecological environment, and in compliance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations on the planned use of the lot, and may not impair the rights to usufruct already created thereon. Article 347 The right to use a lot of land for construction purposes may be created by way of transfer or gratuitous grant. The bidding, auction, or other means of public bidding shall be adopted in transferring a lot of land used for business purposes, such as for industrial, commercial, tourism, recreational, and commercial residential purposes, or where there are two or more intended users competing for the right to use the same lot of land . The creation of a right to use a lot of land for construction purposes by way of gratuitous grant is strictly restricted.

Article 309 The share of a co-owner by shares in the immovable or movable property shall be determined according to his capital contribution where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear. Where it is impossible to determine the amount of capital contribution, each co-owner by shares shall be entitled to an equal share. Article 310 Where two or more organizations or individuals are jointly entitled to a right to usufruct or a security interest, the relevant provisions of this Chapter shall be applied mutatis mutandis. Chapter IX Special Provisions on the Acquisition of Ownership Article 311 Where a person with no right to dispose of an immovable or movable property transfers it to another person, the owner has the right to recover it; unless otherwise provided by law, the transferee acquires the ownership of the immovable or movable property under the following circumstances: (1) the transferee is in good faith at the time when the immovable or movable property is transferred to him; (2) the transfer is made at a reasonable price; and (3) the transferred immovable or movable property has been registered as required by law, or has been delivered to the transferee where registration is not required. Where a transferee acquires the ownership of the immovable or movable property in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the original owner has the right to claim damages against the person who disposes of the property without a right. Where a party acquires, in good faith, a real right other than ownership, the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall be applied mutatis mutandis. Article 312 An owner or any other right holder has the right to recover a lost thing. Where the lost thing is possessed by another person by way of transfer, the right holder has the right to claim damages against the person who disposes of the thing without the right to disposition, or to request the transferee to return the original thing within two years from the date on which the right holder knows or should have known of the transferee, provided that where the transferee has acquired the lost thing at auction or from a qualified business operator, the right holder shall, at the time of requesting the return of the original thing, reimburse the expenses that have been paid by the transferee. The right holder has, after having reimbursed the expenses paid by the transferee, the right to indemnification against the person who disposes of the thing without the right to disposition. Article 313 After a bona fide transferee acquires the movable property, the original rights in the movable property is extinguished, unless the bona fide transferee knows or should have known of such rights at the time of the transfer. Article 314 Where a lost thing is found, it shall be returned to its right holder. The finder shall, in a timely manner, notify its right holder or hand it over to the relevant departments such as the department for public security. Article 315 Where the relevant department receives a lost thing and knows who is its right holder, the department shall, in a timely manner, notify him to collect the lost thing; where the department does not know who is the right holder, it shall issue a lost-and-found notice in a timely manner. Article 316 A finder shall well keep a lost thing before it is delivered to the relevant department, and the relevant department shall well keep it before it is collected. A person who, intentionally or by gross negligence, causes the lost thing in his custody to be destructed, damaged, or lost shall bear civil liability. Article 317 The right holder of a lost thing shall, at the time of collecting it, pay to the finder or the relevant department the necessary expenses, such as the expense for safekeeping the lost thing. Where a right holder has offered a reward for finding the lost thing, he shall, at the time of collecting the lost thing, perform his obligations as promised. Where a finder misappropriates the lost thing, he is neither entitled to request reimbursement of expenses such as the expense for safekeeping the lost thing, nor entitled to request the right holder to perform the obligations as promised. Article 318 Where a lost thing has not been claimed by anybody within one year from the date the lost-and-found notice is publicized, the lost thing is to be escheated to the State. Article 319 Where a drifting thing is found or a thing buried underground or hidden is discovered, the provisions relating to the finding of lost things shall be applied mutatis mutandis, unless otherwise provided by law. Article 320 Where a principal thing is transferred, the accessary thereof shall be transferred concomitantly, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.

民法典作为法学专业以及爱好者必备的常用法典以及磨耳朵绝佳的标准文本，如果能够有英文版本音频那就太好了！无论是精听还是泛听，哪怕只是琐碎工作或者生活间隙作为背景音锻炼耳力语感也是很不错的～既然各种APP上各种找不到相关的内容，那我就自己来录制！将民法典英文版本的录音提纯，不带任何修饰，只是认真又自然地用英腔去朗读，让此刻的注意力集中于英式语音一线，本节目就是本着这样一种平和、开创的心情诞生的，我喜欢这种语言的流淌感，希望你也会喜欢！另外，如有对录音音频或节目内容等各个方面的意见和建议，请尽情在评论区留言，谢谢～

民法典作为法学专业以及爱好者必备的常用法典以及磨耳朵绝佳的标准文本，如果能够有英文版本音频那就太好了！无论是精听还是泛听，哪怕只是琐碎工作或者生活间隙作为背景音锻炼耳力语感也是很不错的～既然各种APP上各种找不到相关的内容，那我就自己来录制！将民法典英文版本的录音提纯，不带任何修饰，只是认真又自然地用英腔去朗读，让此刻的注意力集中于英式语音一线，本节目就是本着这样一种平和、开创的心情诞生的，我喜欢这种语言的流淌感，希望你也会喜欢！另外，如有对录音音频或节目内容等各个方面的意见和建议，请尽情在评论区留言，谢谢～

民法典作为法学专业以及爱好者必备的常用法典以及磨耳朵绝佳的标准文本，如果能够有英文版本音频那就太好了！无论是精听还是泛听，哪怕只是琐碎工作或者生活间隙作为背景音锻炼耳力语感也是很不错的～既然各种APP上各种找不到相关的内容，那我就自己来录制！将民法典英文版本的录音提纯，不带任何修饰，只是认真又自然地用英腔去朗读，让此刻的注意力集中于英式语音一线，本节目就是本着这样一种平和、开创的心情诞生的，我喜欢这种语言的流淌感，希望你也会喜欢！ 另外，如有对录音音频或节目内容等各个方面的意见和建议，请尽情在评论区留言，谢谢～